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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 20-F

(Mark One)

Date of event requiring this shell company report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Commission file number: 001-33853

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

*                 Not for trading but only in connection with the listing on the NASDAQ Global Select Market of American depositary shares, each representing 0.125 of an ordinary share.

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

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Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act:

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the Issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report: 51,167,228 ordinary shares, par value $0.01 per ordinary share.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

x Yes   o No

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

o Yes   x No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

x Yes   o No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).

x Yes   o No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer. See definition of “accelerated filer and large accelerated filer” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.

o Item 17   o Item 18

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

o Yes   x No

(APPLICABLE ONLY TO ISSUERS INVOLVED IN BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS DURING THE PAST FIVE YEARS.)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Sections 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court.

o Yes   o No

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INTRODUCTION

In this annual report, unless otherwise indicated,

(1) the terms “we,” “us,” “our company,” “our” and “Ctrip” refer to Ctrip.com International, Ltd., its predecessor entities and subsidiaries, and, in the context of describing our operations and consolidated financial information, also include its consolidated affiliated Chinese entities;

(2) “shares” and “ordinary shares” refer to our ordinary shares, par value of US$0.01 per ordinary share;

(3) “ADSs” refers to our American depositary shares, eight of which represent one ordinary share, unless the context suggests otherwise;

(4) “China” and “PRC” refer to the People’s Republic of China and, solely for the purpose of this annual report, exclude Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau, and “Greater China” refers to the PRC, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau; and

(5) all references to “RMB” and “Renminbi” are to the legal currency of China and all references to “U.S. dollars,” “US$,” “dollars” and “$” are to the legal currency of the United States.

Any discrepancies in any table between the amounts identified as total amounts and the sum of the amounts listed therein are due to rounding.

This annual report on Form 20-F includes our audited consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015.

On January 21, 2010, we effected a change of the ratio of our ADSs to ordinary shares from two (2) ADSs representing one ordinary share to four (4) ADSs representing one ordinary share. Effective December 1, 2015, we further changed our ADS to ordinary share ratio from four (4) ADSs representing one ordinary share to eight (8) ADSs representing one ordinary share. Unless otherwise indicated, ADSs and per ADS amount in this annual report have been retroactively adjusted to reflect the changes in ratio for all periods presented.

PART I

ITEM 1.                        IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS

Not applicable.

ITEM 2.                        OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE

Not applicable.

ITEM 3.                        KEY INFORMATION

A.            Selected Financial Data

The following table presents the selected consolidated financial information for our business. You should read the following information in conjunction with “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” below. The selected consolidated statement of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015 and the selected consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2014 and 2015 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements and should be read in conjunction with those statements, which are included in this annual report beginning on page F-1. The selected consolidated statement of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2012 and the selected consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements for these periods, which are not included in this annual report.

All ADS data have been retroactively adjusted to reflect the current ADS to ordinary share ratio for all periods presented.

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(1)   Share-based compensation was included in the related operating expense categories as follows:

(2)   Translation from RMB amounts into U.S. dollars was made at a rate of RMB6.4778 to US$1.00. See “Item 3. Key Information — A. Selected Financial Information — Exchange Rate Information.”

(3)   Each ADS represents 0.125 of an ordinary share.

(4)   In April 2015, the FASB issued new guidance which changes the presentation of debt issuance cost. Under the new guidance, debt issuance cost is presented as a reduction of the carrying amount of the related liability, rather than as an asset. This guidance has been adopted and applied retrospectively by us to the prior periods presented herein.

(5)   In 2015, a gain of RMB2.3 billion (US$350 million) was recognized in the other income for the deconsolidation of Tujia which was once a subsidiary of the Company. Please refer to footnote 8 of our consolidated financial statements incorporated herein.

(6)   In 2015, we have determined and elected to early adopt ASU 2015-17 to our consolidated financial statements starting December 31, 2015, prospectively to present the deferred tax assets and liabilities as non-current items.

(7)   Our consolidated balance sheet data has reflected the effect of consolidation of the financial statements of Qunar Cayman Islands Limited starting from December 31, 2015.

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Exchange Rate Information

We have published our consolidated financial statements in RMB. Our business is primarily conducted in China using RMB. The conversion of RMB into U.S. dollars in this annual report is based on the certified exchange rate published by the Federal Reserve Board. For your convenience, this annual report contains translations of some RMB or U.S. dollar amounts for 2015 at a rate of RMB6.4778 to US$1.00, which was the certified exchange rate in effect as of December 31, 2015. The certified exchange rate on April 15, 2016 was RMB6.4730 to US$1.00. We make no representation that any RMB or U.S. dollar amounts could have been, or could be, converted into U.S. dollars or RMB, as the case may be, at any particular rate, the rates stated below, or at all. The PRC government imposes control over its foreign currency reserves in part through direct regulation of the conversion of RMB into foreign exchange.

The following table sets forth information concerning exchange rates between the RMB and the U.S. dollars for the periods indicated. The exchange rates refer to the exchange rates as set forth in the H.10 statistical release of the Federal Reserve Board. These rates are provided solely for your convenience and are not necessarily the exchange rates that we used in this annual report or will use in the preparation of our periodic reports or any other information to be provided to you. The source of these rates is the Federal Reserve Statistical Release.

(1)   Annual averages are calculated using the average of month-end rates of the relevant year. Monthly averages are calculated using the average of the daily rates during the relevant period.

B.            Capitalization and Indebtedness

Not applicable.

C.            Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds

Not applicable.

D.            Risk Factors

Risks Related to Our Company

Our strategy to acquire or invest in complementary businesses and assets and establish strategic alliances involves significant risk and uncertainty that may prevent us from achieving our objectives and harm our financial condition and results of operations.

As part of our plan to expand our product and service offerings, we have made and intend to make strategic acquisitions or investments in the travel service industries in Greater China and overseas. For example, we had invested through open market purchases and in a private placement transaction a total of US$92 million in an approximately 15% stake in Homeinns Hotel Group, or Homeinns, a leading economy hotel chain in China. In June 2015, we, together with our co-founder and chief executive officer Mr. James Jianzhang Liang, our co-founder and independent director Mr. Neil Nanpeng Shen and certain other buyers, delivered a non-binding letter to Homeinns which proposes to acquire all of its outstanding ordinary shares not already owned by these buyers for a cash consideration of US$35.8 per ADS; in December 2015, an agreement and plan of merger was entered into between Homeinns and the special purpose vehicles formed by our consortium to consummate the transaction. In March 2010, we invested a total of US$67.5 million in approximately 9% stake in China Lodging Group, Limited, or Hanting, a leading economy hotel chain in China, through private placement transactions and purchases in Hanting’s initial public offering. As a result of a series of investments on eHi since 2013, we held an aggregate equity interest of approximately 14% in eHi as of December 31, 2015 with the aggregated investment cost of US$107 million. In 2014 and 2015, we invested a total of US$50 million in approximately 4% stake in Tuniu Corporation, or Tuniu, a well-known service provider in the leisure package tour market, through a private placement transaction conducted concurrently with Tuniu’s initial public offering and private acquisitions afterwards. In May 2015, we made an investment in eLong, Inc., or eLong, through acquiring the shares of eLong from certain selling shareholders, including Expedia, Inc., or Expedia, together with several other investors. We acquired a 38% equity stake in eLong for a total purchase price of US$422 million. In October 2015, we completed a share exchange transaction with Baidu, Inc., or Baidu, and obtained approximately 45% of the aggregate voting interest of Qunar Cayman Islands Limited, or Qunar, in exchange for our newly issued ordinary shares. In December 2015, we issued ordinary shares represented by ADSs to certain special purpose vehicles holding shares solely for the benefit of certain Qunar employees and, as consideration, we received class B ordinary shares of Qunar and directly injected these shares to third-party investment entities dedicated to investing in business in China. From accounting perspective, we started to consolidate Qunar’s financial statements from December 31, 2015. If the ADS prices of Hanting, eHi, and Tuniu, or other future public company targets declines and becomes lower than our share purchase price, we could incur impairment loss under U.S. GAAP, which in turn would adversely affect our financial results for the relevant periods. In addition, if any of Homeinns and eLong incur a net loss in the future, we would share their net loss proportionate to our equity interest in them.

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In connection with our recent strategic acquisitions, there had been a significant increase of goodwill and indefinite lived intangible assets booked in our financial statements. As of December 31, 2015, our goodwill was RMB45.7 billion (US$7.1 billion) and our indefinite lived intangible assets were RMB9.7 billion (US$1.5 billion). ASC 350 “Intangibles — Goodwill and Other,” provides that intangible assets that have indefinite useful lives and goodwill will not be amortized but rather will be tested at least annually for impairment. ASC 350 also requires that long-lived assets be reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable from its undiscounted future cash flow. See also “Item 5 — Operating and Financial Review and Prospects — A. Operating Results — Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates — Goodwill, Intangible Assets and Long-lived Assets.” For 2013, 2014 and 2015, we did not recognize any impairment charges for goodwill or intangible assets. If different judgments or estimates had been utilized, however, material differences could have resulted in the amount and timing of the impairment charge. We may potentially incur significant impairment charges if the recoverability of these assets become substantially reduced in the future.

In addition, our strategic acquisitions and investments could subject us to other uncertainties and risks, and our failure to address any of these uncertainties and risks, among others, may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations:

·                  high acquisition and financing costs;

·                  potential ongoing financial obligations and unforeseen or hidden liabilities;

·                  failure to achieve our intended objectives, benefits or revenue-enhancing opportunities;

·                  cost of, and difficulties in, integrating acquired businesses and managing a larger business;

·                  failure to be in full compliance with applicable laws, rules and regulations;

·                  potential claims or litigation regarding our board’s exercise of its duty of care and other duties required under applicable law in connection with any of our significant acquisitions or investments approved by the board; and

·                  diversion of our resources and management attention.

In addition, we establish strategic alliances with various third parties to further our business purpose from time to time. Strategic alliances with third parties could subject us to a number of risks, including risks associated with sharing proprietary information, non-performance by the counter-party, an increase in expenses incurred in establishing new strategic alliances, inefficiencies caused by failure to integrate strategic partners’ businesses with our own, and unforeseen levels of diversion of our resources and management attention, any of which may materially and adversely affect our business.

From time to time, we selectively acquired or invested in businesses that complement our existing business, and will continue to do so in the future. See “Item 4. Information on the Company — A. History and Development of the Company” for more details of our acquisitions and investments. We cannot assure you that we will be able to achieve the benefits we expected from such acquisitions or investments. Moreover, our strategy of acquiring or investing in a competing business could be adversely affected by uncertainties in the implementation and enforcement of the PRC Anti-Monopoly Law. Under the PRC Anti-Monopoly Law, companies undertaking acquisitions or investments in a business in China must notify MOFCOM in advance of any transaction where the parties’ revenues in the China market and global market exceed certain thresholds and the buyer would obtain control of, or decisive influence over, the target. There are numerous factors MOFCOM considers in determining “control” or “decisive influence,” and, depending on certain criteria, MOFCOM will conduct anti-monopoly review of transactional transactions in respect of which it was notified. In light of the uncertainties relating to the interpretation, implementation and enforcement of the PRC Anti-Monopoly Law, there is no assurance that MOFCOM will not deem our past and future acquisitions or investments, including the ones referenced herein or elsewhere in this annual report, to have met the filing criteria under the PRC Anti-Monopoly Law and therefore demand a filing for merger review. However, there have been limited cases of MOFCOM anti-monopoly review of filings involving companies with a variable interest entity structure similar to ours. If we are found to have violated the PRC Anti-Monopoly Law for failing to file the notification of concentration and request for review, we could be subject to a fine of up to RMB500,000, and the parts of the transaction causing the prohibited concentration could be ordered to be unwound. Such unwinding could affect our business and financial results, and harm our reputation.

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As a result of any of the above factors, any actual or perceived failure to realize the benefits we expected from these acquisitions or investments may cause the trading price of our ADSs to decline.

Our business could suffer if we do not successfully manage current growth and potential future growth.

Our business has grown significantly as a result of both organic growth of existing operations and acquisitions, and we expect to continue to experience such growth in the future. We have significantly expanded our operations and anticipate further expansion of our operations and workforce, as a result of the continued growth of our service offerings, customer base and geographic coverage. For example, we have invested in, and plan to continue to invest in, organic growth by rolling out new business initiatives focusing in a diverse range of areas including cruise lines, car services, bus tickets and train tickets, and if such new business initiatives fail to perform as expected, our financial condition and results of operations could be adversely impacted. Our growth to date has placed, and our anticipated future operations will continue to place, a significant strain on our management, systems and resources. In addition to training and managing our workforce, we will need to continue to improve and develop our financial and managerial controls and our reporting systems and procedures. We cannot assure you that we will be able to efficiently or effectively manage the growth of our operations, and any failure to do so may limit our future growth and hamper our business strategy.

Consolidation of the results of operations of Qunar with ours may negatively impact our financial performance and results of operations.

Following the consummation of the share exchange transaction with Baidu in October 2015, we beneficially owned approximately 45% of Qunar’s aggregate voting interest. See “Item 4. Information on the Company — B. Business Overview — Strategic Investments and Acquisitions.” In connection with our transaction with Baidu, we agreed to issue approximately 5 million ordinary shares to certain special purpose vehicles holding shares solely for the benefit of Qunar employees. The issuance of such Ctrip shares to Qunar employees is conditional upon the surrender by such employees of any Qunar securities held by or granted to them. Thus far, we offered a total of approximately 4.0 million ordinary shares to three special purpose vehicles holding these shares solely for the benefit of Qunar employees. Future receipt by Qunar employees of Ctrip shares will be upon satisfaction of legal and contractual conditions. As a result of these transactions, we accounted for the transactions as a business combination under U.S. GAAP and, starting from December 31, 2015, we started to consolidate Qunar’s financial statements from the accounting perspective. Qunar has historically incurred net loss. Therefore, consolidating Qunar’s financial statements may negatively impact our financial performance in the upcoming financial reporting cycles for an extended period of time. Moreover, starting in January 2016, some PRC airlines, including two of the largest airlines in China, announced suspension of their respective business cooperation with Qunar without indicating the length of such suspension and cited serious customer complaints in their respective announcements. If such suspension further exacerbates, Qunar may suffer from loss of revenue and its results of operations may be materially and adversely affected, which in turn may materially and adversely affect our consolidated results of operations. The pro forma financial statements giving effect to this investment are incorporated by reference in this annual report.

Our recent transactions including share exchange with Baidu, issuance of shares for the benefit of Qunar employees and investment or financing arrangements with selected third-party investment entities will result in substantial dilution to our shareholders and will also reduce our existing cash balance.

In the long-term interest of our company, we will make investments, in the form of limited partnership contributions, assets injection or other financing arrangements, into or with certain entities that are dedicated to investing businesses in China. In late 2015 and early 2016, we agreed to make investment or enter into financing arrangements with several non-U.S. investment entities, which are managed and/or owned by parties unaffiliated with each other and unaffiliated with us and are dedicated to investing in businesses in China. In January 2016, we issued a total number of 5,431,983 ordinary shares, including 2,661,967 ordinary shares represented by ADSs, and provided capital contribution or financial support in a total amount of approximately US$1.3 billion in cash to some of these non-U.S. investment entities. In March 2016, we further issued an aggregate of 474,534 ordinary shares represented by ADSs to certain of these non-U.S. investment entities, and these ordinary shares represent approximately 1% of our immediate post-issuance outstanding shares. These investments, capital contributions and financing arrangements in the form of our ordinary shares may result in our issuance of a substantial number of our ordinary shares in the aggregate, which together with the recent share exchange with Baidu and issuance of shares for the benefit of Qunar employees, will cause substantial dilution to our existing shareholders. In addition, future sale of our shares by Baidu and/or our other significant shareholders, individually or in the aggregate, may cause our share price to decline. Furthermore, our cash investments or financial support in selected investment entities may materially reduce our existing cash balance and adversely affect our working capital. If we decide to raise additional capital through the sale of equity or equity linked securities, our existing shareholders will be further diluted. If we obtain debt financings, we may be subject to restrictive covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. See “Item 4. Information on the Company — B. Business Overview — Strategic Investments and Acquisitions.”

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Our business is sensitive to global economic conditions. A severe or prolonged downturn in the global or Chinese economy may have a material and adverse effect on our business, and may materially and adversely affect our growth and profitability.

The global macroeconomic environment is facing challenges, including the escalation of the European sovereign debt crisis since 2011, the end of quantitative easing by the U.S. Federal Reserve and the economic slowdown in the Eurozone in 2014. There have been concerns over unrest in the Middle East and Africa, which have resulted in volatility in oil and other markets.

Economic conditions in China are sensitive to global economic conditions. Our business and operations are primarily based in China and the majority of our revenues are derived from our operations in China. Accordingly, our financial results have been, and are expected to continue to be, affected by the economy and travel industry in China. While the economy in China has grown significantly over the past decades, growth has been uneven, both geographically and among various sectors of the economy, and the rate of growth has been slowing. Any severe or prolonged slowdown in the global and/or Chinese economy could reduce expenditures for travel, which in turn may adversely affect our operating results and financial condition. According to the National Bureau of Statistics of China, in 2015, the growth rate of China’s gross domestic product, or GDP, was 6.9% and it is unclear how the economy will fare in 2016 and beyond. Since we derive the majority of our revenues from accommodation reservation, transportation ticketing and packaged-tour services in China, any severe or prolonged slowdown in the global and/or Chinese economy or the recurrence of any financial disruptions may materially and adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition in a number of ways. For example, the weakness in the economy could erode consumer confidence which, in turn, could result in changes to consumer spending patterns relating to travel products and services. If consumer demand for travel products and services we offer decreases, our revenues may decline. Furthermore, continued turbulence in the international markets may adversely affect our ability to access the capital markets to meet liquidity needs.

General declines or disruptions in the travel industry may materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Our business is significantly affected by the trends that occur in the travel industry in China, including the hotel, transportation ticketing and packaged-tour sectors. As the travel industry is highly sensitive to business and personal discretionary spending levels, it tends to decline during general economic downturns. The recent worldwide recession has led to a weakening in the demand for travel services. Other trends or events that tend to reduce travel and are likely to reduce our revenues include:

·                  terrorist attacks or threats of terrorist attacks or wars, particularly given the recent attacks in Paris, Belgium and the worsening situation in Syria;

·                  an outbreak of H1N1 influenza, Ebola virus, avian flu, Middle East respiratory syndrome, or MERS, severe acute respiratory syndrome, or SARS, or any other serious contagious diseases;

·                  increased prices in the hotel, transportation ticketing, or other travel-related sectors;

·                  increased occurrence of travel-related accidents;

·                  political unrest;

·                  natural disasters or poor weather conditions; and

·                  any travel restrictions or other security procedures implemented in connection with any major events in China.

We could be severely and adversely affected by declines or disruptions in the travel industry and, in many cases, have little or no control over the occurrence of such events. Such events could result in a decrease in demand for our travel services. This decrease in demand, depending on the scope and duration, could significantly and adversely affect our business and financial performance over the short and long term.

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The trading price of our ADSs has been volatile historically and may continue to be volatile regardless of our operating performance.

The trading prices of our ADSs have been and may continue to be subject to wide fluctuations. In 2015, the trading prices of our ADSs on the NASDAQ Global Select Market, as adjusted retrospectively for all periods presented to reflect the current ADS to ordinary share ratio of eight (8) ADSs representing one ordinary share effective on December 1, 2015, have ranged from US$21.54 to US$57.36 per ADS, and the last reported trading price on April 21, 2016 was US$47.21 per ADS. The price of our ADSs may fluctuate in response to a number of events and factors, including the following:

·                  actual or anticipated fluctuations in our quarterly operating results;

·                  changes in financial estimates by securities analysts;

·                  conditions in the Internet or travel industries;

·                  changes in the economic performance or market valuations of other Internet or travel companies or other companies that primarily operate in China;

·                  changes in major business terms between our travel suppliers and us;

·                  announcements by us or our competitors of new products or services, significant acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures or capital commitments;

·                  additions or departures of key personnel; and

·                  market and volume fluctuations in the stock market in general.

In addition, the stock market in general, and the market prices for Internet-related companies and companies with operations in China in particular, have experienced volatility that often has been unrelated to the operating performance of such companies. The securities of some China-based companies that have listed their securities in the United States have experienced significant volatility since their initial public offerings, including, in some cases, substantial price declines in the trading prices of their securities. The trading performances of the securities of these China-based companies after their offerings and the recent surge in the number of China-based, U.S.-listed companies that commenced going private proceedings may affect the attitudes of investors toward Chinese companies listed in the United States, which consequently may impact the trading performance of the ADSs, regardless of our actual operating performance. Furthermore, some negative news and perceptions about inadequate corporate governance practices or fraudulent accounting, corporate structure including the use of variable interest entities or other matters of other China-based companies have negatively affected the attitudes of investors towards China-based companies, including us, in general in the past, regardless of whether we have engaged in any inappropriate activities, and any news or perceptions with a similar nature may continue to negatively affect us in the future.  In addition, the global financial crisis and the ensuing economic recessions in many countries have contributed and may continue to contribute to extreme volatility in the global stock markets, such as the large decline in share prices in the United States, China and other jurisdictions in recent years. These broad market and industry fluctuations may continue to adversely affect the price of the ADSs, regardless of our operating performance. Additionally, volatility or a lack of positive performance in our stock price may adversely affect our ability to retain key employees, all of whom have been granted share-based awards.

If we are unable to maintain existing relationships with travel suppliers and strategic alliances, or establish new arrangements with travel suppliers and strategic alliances at or on favorable terms or at terms similar to those we currently have, or at all, our business, market share and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

We rely on travel suppliers (including without limitation hotels and domestic and international airlines) to make their services available to consumers through us, and our business prospects depend on our ability to maintain and expand relationships with travel suppliers. If we are unable to maintain satisfactory relationships with our existing travel suppliers, or if our travel suppliers establish similar or more favorable relationships with our competitors, or if our travel suppliers increase their competition with us through their direct sales, or if any one or more of our travel suppliers significantly reduce participation in our services for a sustained period of time or completely withdraw participation in our services, our business, market share and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. To the extent any of those major or popular travel suppliers ceased to participate in our services in favor of one of our competitors’ systems or decided to require consumers to purchase services directly from them, our business, market share and results of operations may suffer.

Our business depends significantly upon our ability to contract with hotels in advance for the guaranteed availability of certain hotel rooms. We rely on hotel suppliers to provide us with rooms at discounted prices. However, our contracts with our hotel suppliers are not exclusive and most of the contracts must be renewed semi-annually or annually. We cannot assure you that our hotel suppliers will renew our contracts in the future on favorable terms or terms similar to those we currently have agreed. The hotel suppliers may reduce the commission rates on bookings made through us. Furthermore, in order to maintain and grow our business and to effectively compete with many of our competitors in all potential markets, we will need to establish new arrangements with hotels and accommodations of all ratings and categories in our existing markets and in new markets. We cannot assure you that we will be able to identify appropriate hotels or enter into arrangements with those hotels on favorable terms, if at all. This failure could harm the growth of our business and adversely affect our operating results and financial condition, which consequently will impact the price of our ADSs.

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We derive revenues and other significant benefits from our arrangements with major domestic airlines in China and international airlines. Our airline ticket suppliers allow us to book and sell tickets on their behalf and collect commissions on tickets booked and sold through us. Although we currently have supply relationships with these airlines, they also compete with us for ticket bookings and have entered into similar arrangements with many of our competitors and may continue to do so in the future. Such arrangements may be on better terms than we have. In the past, airlines have from time to time reduced the commission rates on tickets booked and sold through us, which negatively affected our revenues from transportation ticketing in the relevant periods. Starting in January 2016, some PRC airlines, including two of the largest airlines in China, announced suspension of their respective business cooperation with Qunar without indicating the length of such suspension and cited serious customer complaints in their respective announcements. Although we are not aware of any airlines publicly announcing suspension of business cooperation with us as of the date of this annual report, if any airlines choose to take similar actions against us and additional airlines follow suit, our business, market share and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. We cannot assure you that any of these airlines will continue to have supplier relationships with us or pay us commissions at the same or similar rates as what they paid us in the past. The loss of these supplier relationships or adverse changes in major business terms with our travel suppliers would materially impair our operating results and financial condition as we would lose an increasingly significant source of our revenues.

Part of the revenues that we derive from our hotel suppliers, airline ticket suppliers and other travel service providers are obtained through our strategic alliances with various third parties. We cannot assure you, however, that we will be able to successfully establish and maintain strategic alliances with third parties which are effective and beneficial for our business. Our inability to do so could have a material adverse effect on our market penetration, revenue growth and profitability.

If we fail to further increase our brand recognition, we may face difficulty in maintaining existing and acquiring new customers and business partners and our business may be harmed.

We believe that maintaining and enhancing the Ctrip brand depends in part on our ability to grow our customer base and obtain new business partners. Some of our potential competitors already have well-established brands in the travel industry. The successful promotion of our brand will depend largely on our ability to maintain a sizeable and active customer base, maintain relationships with our business partners, provide high-quality customer service, properly address customer needs and handle customer complaints and organize effective marketing and advertising programs. If our customer base significantly declines or grows more slowly than our key competitors, the quality of our customer services substantially deteriorates, or our business partners cease to do business with us, we may not be able to cost-effectively maintain and promote our brand, and our business may be harmed.

If we do not compete successfully against new and existing competitors, we may lose our market share, and our business may be materially and adversely affected.

We compete primarily with other consolidators of hotel accommodations and transportation reservation services based in China, such as Qunar and eLong. We also compete with traditional travel agencies and new Internet travel search websites. In the future, we may also face competition from new players in the hotel consolidation market in China and abroad that may enter China.

We may face more competition from hotels and airlines as they enter the discount rate market directly or through alliances with other travel consolidators. In addition, international travelers have become an increasingly important customer base. Competitors that have formed stronger strategic alliances with overseas travel consolidators may have more effective channels to address the needs of customers in China to travel overseas. Furthermore, we do not have exclusive arrangements with our travel suppliers. The combination of these factors means that potential entrants to our industry face relatively low entry barriers.

In the past, certain competitors launched aggressive advertising campaigns, special promotions and engaged in other marketing activities to promote their brands, acquire new customers or to increase their market shares. In response to such competitive pressure, we started to take and may continue to take similar measures and as a result will incur significant expenses, which in turn could negatively affect our operating margins in the quarters or years when such promotional activities are carried out. For example, we launched a promotion program in recent years to offer certain selected transportation tickets, hotel rooms and package tours as well as grant of e-coupons to our customers in response to promotion campaigns that our competitors have launched. Primarily as a result of the enhanced marketing efforts and additional investment in product developments in response to the intensified market competition, our operational margin was negatively affected. In addition, some of our existing and potential competitors may have competitive advantages, such as significantly larger active user base on mobile or other online platforms, greater financial, marketing and strategic relationships and alliances or other resources or name recognition, and may be able to imitate and adopt our business model. We cannot assure you that we will be able to successfully compete against new or existing competitors. In the event we are not able to compete successfully, our business, results of operations and profit margins may be materially and adversely affected.

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Our quarterly results are likely to fluctuate because of seasonality in the travel industry in Greater China.

Our business experiences fluctuations, reflecting seasonal variations in demand for travel services. For example, the first quarter of each year generally contributes the lowest portion of our annual net revenues primarily due to a slowdown in business activity around and during the Chinese New Year holiday, which occurs during the period. Consequently, our results of operations may fluctuate from quarter to quarter.

Any failure to maintain the satisfactory performance of our mobile platform, websites and systems, particularly those leading to disruptions in our services, could materially and adversely affect our business and reputation, and our business may be harmed if our infrastructure or technology is damaged or otherwise fails or becomes obsolete.

The satisfactory performance, reliability and availability of our infrastructure, including our mobile platform, websites and systems, are critical to the success of our business. Any system interruptions that result in the unavailability or slowdown of our mobile platform, websites or other systems and the disruption in our services could reduce the volume of our business and make us less attractive to customers. Substantially all of our computer and communications systems are located at two customer service centers, one in Shanghai and the other one in Nantong, China. Our technology platform and computer and communication systems are vulnerable to damage or interruption from human error, computer viruses, fire, flood, power loss, telecommunications failure, physical or electronic break-ins, hacking or other attempts at system sabotage, vandalism, natural disasters and other similar events. For example, in May 2015, we experienced a network shut-down for a few hours, leading to temporary disruptions in the operations of our mobile platform and websites and interrupted customer services; later internal investigations revealed the cause to be employee human error. No data leakage occurred as part of the May 2015 incident, and we have since implemented extensive measures to ensure prompt responses to similar future incidents of network shutdown/service disruption and to continue to update our security mechanisms to protect our systems from any human error, third-party intrusions, viruses or hacker attacks, information or data theft or other similar activities; however, we cannot assure you that unexpected interruptions to our systems will not occur again in the future. We do not carry business interruption insurance to compensate us for losses that may occur as a result of such disruptions. In addition, any such future occurrences could reduce customer satisfaction levels, damage our reputation and materially and adversely affect our business.

We use an internally developed booking software system that supports nearly all aspects of our booking transactions. Our business may be harmed if we are unable to upgrade our systems and infrastructure quickly enough to accommodate future traffic levels, avoid obsolescence or successfully integrate any newly developed or purchased technology with our existing system. Capacity constraints could cause unanticipated system disruptions, slower response times, poor customer service, impaired quality and speed of reservations and confirmations and delays in reporting accurate financial and operating information. These factors could cause us to lose customers and suppliers, which would have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

In addition, our future success will depend on our ability to adapt our products and services to the changes in technologies and Internet user behavior. For example, the number of people accessing the internet through mobile devices, including smart devices, mobile phones, tablets and other hand-held devices, has increased in recent years, and we expect this trend to continue while 3G, 4G and more advanced mobile communications technologies are broadly implemented. As we make our services available across a variety of mobile operating systems and devices, we are dependent on the interoperability of our services with popular mobile devices and mobile operating systems that we do not control, such as Android, iOS and Windows.  Any changes in such mobile operating systems or devices that degrade the functionality of our services or give preferential treatment to competitive services could adversely affect usage of our services. Further, if the number of platforms for which we develop our services increases, which is typically seen in a dynamic and fragmented mobile services market such as China, it will result in an increase in our costs and expenses. In order to deliver high quality services, it is important that our services work well across a range of mobile operating systems, networks, mobile devices and standards that we do not control. If we fail to develop products and technologies that are compatible with all mobile devices and operating systems, or if the products and services we develop are not widely accepted and used by users of various mobile devices and operating systems, we may not be able to penetrate the mobile Internet market. In addition, the widespread adoption of new internet technologies or other technological changes could require significant expenditures to modify or integrate our products or services. If we fail to keep up with these changes to remain competitive, our future success may be adversely affected.

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Our business depends substantially on the continuing efforts of our key executives, and our business may be severely disrupted if we lose their services.

Our future success depends heavily upon the continued services of our key executives. We rely on their expertise in business operations, finance and travel services and on their relationships with our suppliers, shareholders, and business partners. We do not maintain key-man life insurance for any of our key executives. If one or more of our key executives are unable or unwilling to continue in their present positions, we may not be able to easily replace them. In that case, our business may be severely disrupted, we may incur additional expenses to recruit and train personnel and our financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

In addition, if any of these key executives joins a competitor or forms a competing company, we may lose customers and suppliers. Each of our executive officers has entered into an employment agreement with us that contains confidentiality and non-competition provisions. If any disputes arise between our executive officers and us, we cannot assure you of the extent to which any of these agreements would be enforced in China, where most of these executive officers reside and hold most of their assets, in light of the uncertainties with China’s legal system. See “— Risks Related to Doing Business in China — Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system could adversely affect us.”

If we are unable to attract, train and retain key individuals and highly skilled employees, our business may be adversely affected.

If our business continues to expand, we will need to hire additional employees, including travel supplier management personnel to maintain and expand our travel supplier network, information technology and engineering personnel to maintain and expand our mobile platform, websites, customer service centers and systems, and customer service representatives to serve an increasing number of customers. If we are unable to identify, attract, hire, train and retain sufficient employees in these areas, users of our mobile platform, websites and customer service centers may not have satisfactory experiences and may turn to our competitors, which may adversely affect our business and results of operations.

The PRC government regulates the air-ticketing, travel agency and Internet industries. If we fail to obtain or maintain all pertinent permits and approvals or if the PRC government imposes more restrictions on these industries, our business may be adversely affected.

The PRC government regulates the air-ticketing, travel agency and Internet industries. We are required to obtain applicable permits or approvals from different regulatory authorities to conduct our business, including separate licenses for value-added telecommunications, air-ticketing and travel agency activities. If we fail to obtain or maintain any of the required permits or approvals in the future, we may be subject to various penalties, such as fines or suspension of operations in these regulated businesses, which could severely disrupt our business operations. As a result, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

In particular, the Civil Aviation Administration of China, or CAAC, together with National Development and Reform Commission, or NDRC, regulates pricing of air tickets. CAAC also supervises commissions payable to air-ticketing agencies together with China National Aviation Transportation Association, or CNATA. If restrictive policies are adopted by CAAC, NDRC, or CNATA, or any of their regional branches, our air-ticketing revenues may be adversely affected.

We may not be able to prevent others from using our intellectual property, which may harm our business and expose us to litigation.

We regard our domain names, trade names, trademarks and similar intellectual property as critical to our success. We try to protect our intellectual property rights by relying on trademark protection and confidentiality laws and contracts. Trademark and confidentiality protection in China may not be as effective as that in the United States. Policing unauthorized use of proprietary technology is difficult and expensive.

The steps we have taken may be inadequate to prevent the misappropriation of our proprietary technology. Any misappropriation could have a negative effect on our business and operating results. Furthermore, we may need to go to court to enforce our intellectual property rights. Litigation relating to our intellectual property might result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management attention. See “— Risks Related to Doing Business in China — Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system could adversely affect us.”

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We rely on services from third parties to carry out our business and to deliver our products to customers, and if there is any interruption or deterioration in the quality of these services, our customers may not continue using our services.

We rely on third-party computer systems to host our websites, as well as third-party licenses for some of the software underlying our technology platform. In addition, we rely on third-party transportation ticketing agencies to issue transportation tickets and travel insurance products, confirmations and deliveries in some cities in Greater China. We also rely on third-party local operators to deliver on-site services to our packaged-tour customers. Any interruption in our ability to obtain the products or services of these or other third parties or deterioration in their performance, such as server errors or interruptions, or dishonest business conduct, could impair the timing and quality of our own service. If our service providers fail to provide high quality services in a timely manner to our customers or violate any applicable rules and regulations, our services will not meet the expectations of our customers and our reputation and brand will be damaged. Furthermore, if our arrangement with any of these third parties is terminated, we may not find an alternative source of support on a timely basis or on favorable terms to us.

If our hotel suppliers or customers provide us with untrue information regarding our customers’ stay, we may not be able to recognize and collect revenues to which we are entitled.

A substantial portion of our revenues are represented by commissions paid by hotels for room nights booked through us. Generally, we do not receive payment from our customers on behalf of our hotel suppliers, as our customers pay hotels directly. To confirm whether a customer adheres to the booked itinerary, we routinely make inquiries with the hotel and, occasionally, with the customer. We rely on the hotel and the customer to provide us truthful information regarding the customer’s check-in and check-out dates, which forms the basis for calculating the commission we are entitled to receive from the hotel. If our hotel suppliers or customers provide us with untrue information with respect to our customers’ length of stay at the hotels, we would not be able to collect revenues to which we are entitled. In addition, using such untrue information may lead to inaccurate business projections and plans, which may adversely affect our business planning and strategy.

We may suffer losses if we are unable to predict the amount of inventory we will need to purchase during the peak holiday seasons.

During the peak holiday seasons in China, we establish limited merchant business relationships with selected travel service suppliers, particularly for our packaged-tour products, in order to secure adequate supplies for our customers. In the merchant business relationship, we buy hotel rooms and/or transportation tickets before selling them to our customers and thereby incur inventory risk. If we are unable to correctly predict demand for hotel rooms and transportation tickets that we are committed to purchase, we would be responsible for covering the cost of the hotel rooms and transportation tickets we are unable to sell, and our financial condition and results of operations would be adversely affected.

The recurrence of SARS or other similar outbreaks of contagious diseases as well as natural disasters may materially and adversely affect our business and operating results.

In early 2003, several regions in Asia, including Hong Kong and China, were affected by the outbreak of SARS. The travel industry in China, Hong Kong and some other parts of Asia suffered tremendously as a result of the outbreak of SARS. Furthermore, in early 2008, severe snowstorms hit many areas of China and particularly affected southern China. The travel industry was severely and adversely affected during and after the snowstorms. Additionally, in May 2008, a major earthquake struck China’s populous Sichuan Province, causing great loss of life, numerous injuries, property loss and disruption to the local economy. The earthquake had an immediate impact on our business as a result of the sharp decrease in travel in the relevant earthquake-affected areas in Sichuan Province. In 2009, an outbreak of H1N1 influenza (swine flu) occurred in Mexico and the United States and human cases of the swine flu were discovered in China and Hong Kong. In March 2011, a powerful earthquake hit Japan, and the subsequent tsunami and nuclear accidents had far-reaching impact on the surrounding economies. Starting from March 2013, H7N9 bird flu, a new strain of animal influenza, has been spreading in China and has infected more than a hundred people. In October 2013, large scale political protests began in Thailand that lasted several months and caused disruption to tourism and travel. In November 2013, one of the largest typhoons ever recorded hit the Philippines, causing widespread devastation. In March 2014, the World Health Organization, or the WHO, reported a major Ebola outbreak in Guinea, a western African nation. The disease then rapidly spread to the neighboring countries of Liberia and Sierra Leone. As of February 3, 2015, 22,560 suspected cases and 9,019 deaths had been reported; however, the WHO has said that these numbers may be underestimated. In June 2015, an outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome, or MERS, affected South Korea, one of our popular overseas travel destinations.

Any future outbreak of contagious diseases, extreme unexpected bad weather or natural disasters would adversely affect our business and operating results. Ongoing concerns regarding contagious disease or natural disasters, particularly its effect on travel, could negatively impact our customers’ desire to travel. If there is a recurrence of an outbreak of certain contagious diseases or natural disasters, travel to and from affected regions could be curtailed. Government advice regarding, or restrictions on, travel to and from these and other regions on account of an outbreak of any contagious disease or occurrence of natural disasters may have a material adverse effect on our business and operating results.

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If tax benefits available to our subsidiaries in China are reduced or repealed, our results of operations could suffer.

Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and the relevant implementation rules, or the EIT Law, effective on January 1, 2008, foreign invested enterprises, or FIEs, and domestic enterprises are subject to EIT at a uniform rate of 25%. Certain enterprises will benefit from a preferential tax rate of 15% under the EIT Law if they qualify as “high and new technology enterprises,” subject to certain general restrictions described in the EIT Law and the related regulations.

In December 2008, our PRC subsidiaries, Ctrip Computer Technology, Ctrip Travel Information, Ctrip Travel Network and JointWisdom were each designated by relevant local authorities as a “high and new technology enterprise” under the EIT Law with an effective period of three years. Therefore, these entities were entitled to enjoy a preferential tax rate of 15%, as long as they maintained their qualifications for “high and new technology enterprises” that are subject to renewals every three years with the current effective period expiring by the end of 2017. We cannot assure you that our subsidiaries will continue to qualify as high and new technology enterprises when they are subject to reevaluation in the future. In 2002, the PRC State Administration of Taxation, or the SAT, started to implement preferential tax policy in China’s western region, and companies located in applicable jurisdictions covered by the Catalogue of Encouraged Industries in the Western Region (initially effective through the end of 2010 and further extended to 2020) are eligible to apply for a preferential income tax rate of 15% if their businesses fall within the “encouraged” category of the policy. Benefiting from this policy, Chengdu Ctrip and Chengdu Ctrip International obtained approval from local tax authorities to apply the 15% tax rate for their annual tax filing subject to periodic renewals over the years since 2012. The two entities re-applied for this qualification after the effective period expired in 2014 and their applications were approved by the relevant government authority. In 2013, Chengdu Information Technology Co., Ltd., or Chengdu Information, obtained approval from local tax authorities to apply the 15% tax rate for its 2012 tax filing and for the years from 2013 to 2016. In the event that the preferential tax treatment for these entities is discontinued, these entities will become subject to the standard tax rate at 25%, which would materially increase our tax obligations.

We have sustained loss in the past and may experience earnings decline or net loss in the future.

We sustained net loss in certain past periods and we cannot assure you that we can sustain profitability or avoid net loss in the future. We expect that our operating expenses will increase and the degree of increase in these expenses is largely based on anticipated growth, revenue trends and competitive pressure. As a result, any decrease or delay in generating additional sales volume and revenues and increase in our operating expenses may result in substantial operating losses.

We have incurred substantial indebtedness and may incur additional indebtedness in the future. We may not be able to generate sufficient cash to satisfy our outstanding and future debt obligations.

As of December 31, 2015, our total short-term borrowings and long-term borrowings (current portions) were RMB12.7 billion (US$2 billion), and our total long-term borrowings (excluding current portions) were RMB18.5 billion (US$2.85 billion).

Our substantial indebtedness could have important consequences to you. For example, it could:

·                  increase our vulnerability to adverse general economic and industry conditions;

·                  require us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to servicing and repaying our indebtedness, thereby reducing the availability of our cash flow to fund working capital, capital expenditures and other general corporate purposes; and

·                  limit, along with the financial and other restrictive covenants of our indebtedness, among other things, our ability to conduct additional financing activities, or increase the cost of additional financing.

In the future, we may from time to time incur additional indebtedness and contingent liabilities. If we incur additional debt, the risks that we face as a result of our substantial indebtedness and leverage could intensify.

Our ability to generate sufficient cash to satisfy our outstanding and future debt obligations will depend upon our future operating performance, which will be affected by prevailing economic conditions and financial, business and other factors, many of which are beyond our control. As a result, we may not generate or obtain sufficient cash flow to meet our anticipated operating expenses and to service our debt obligation as they become due.

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We may be subject to legal or administrative proceedings regarding information provided on our online portals or other aspects of our business operations, which may be time-consuming to defend.

Our online portals contain information about hotels, transportation, popular vacation destinations and other travel-related topics. It is possible that if any information accessible on our online portals contains errors or false or misleading information, third parties could take action against us for losses incurred in connection with the use of such information. From time to time, we have become and may in the future become a party to various legal or administrative proceedings arising in the ordinary course of our business, including actions with respect to labor and employment claims, breach of contract claims, anti-competition claims and other matters. Although such proceedings are inherently uncertain and their results cannot be predicted with certainty, we believe that the resolution of our current pending matters will not have a material adverse effect on our business, consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flow. Regardless of the outcome and merit of such proceedings, however, any legal action can have an adverse impact on us because of defense costs, negative publicity, diversion of management’s attention and other factors. In addition, it is possible that an unfavorable resolution of one or more legal or administrative proceedings, whether in the PRC or in another jurisdiction, could materially and adversely affect our financial position, results of operations or cash flows in a particular period or damage our reputation.

We could be liable for breaches of Internet security or fraudulent transactions by users of our mobile platform and our websites.

The Internet industry is facing significant challenges regarding information security and privacy, including the storage, transmission and sharing of confidential information. In recent years, PRC government authorities have enacted legislation on Internet use to protect personal information from any unauthorized disclosure. See “Item 4. Information on the Company — B. Business Overview — PRC Government Regulations — Internet Privacy.” We conduct a significant portion of our transactions through the Internet, including our mobile platform and websites. In such transactions, secured transmission of confidential information (such as customers’ itineraries, hotel and other reservation information, credit card information, personal information and billing addresses) over public networks and ensuring the confidentiality, integrity, availability and authenticity of the information of our users, customers, hotel suppliers and airline partners are essential to maintaining their confidence in our online products and services. Our current security measures may not be adequate and may contain deficiencies that we fail to identify, and advances in technology, increased levels of expertise of hackers, new discoveries in the field of cryptography or others could increase our vulnerability. For example, a third-party website with focus on Internet security information exchange released a news in March 2014 that as a result of a temporary testing function performed by us, certain data files containing customers’ credit card information had been stored on local servers maintained by us, which may lead to potential exposure of these customers’ information to hackers. We removed the cause of the potential security concern within two hours of the release of the news report and then examined all other possible leaks and found that 93 customers’ credit card information might have been downloaded by the above-mentioned website for the purpose of confirming potential risks. Although to our knowledge, no customer has suffered financial loss or other damage due to the incident as of the date of this report, our business, results of operations, user experience and reputation may be materially and adversely affected if similar incidents related to Internet security recur in the future. In August 2011, China’s Supreme People’s Court and Supreme People’s Procuratorate issued judicial interpretations regarding hacking and other Internet crimes. However, its effect on curbing hacking and other illegal online activities still remains to be seen.

Significant capital, managerial and human resources are required to enhance information security and to address any issues caused by security failures. If we are unable to protect our systems and the information stored in our systems from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification or destruction, such problems or security breaches may cause loss, expose us to litigation and possible liability to the owners of confidential information, disrupt our operations and may harm our reputation and ability to attract customers.

We may be the subject of detrimental conduct by third parties including complaints to regulatory agencies, negative blog postings, and the public dissemination of malicious assessments of our business, which could have a negative impact on our reputation and cause us to lose market share, travel suppliers and customers and revenues, and adversely affect the price of our ADSs.

We may be the target of anti-competitive, harassing, or other detrimental conduct by third parties. Such conduct may include complaints, anonymous or otherwise, to regulatory agencies regarding our operations, accounting, revenues, business relationships, business prospects and business ethics. Additionally, allegations, directly or indirectly against us, may be posted in Internet chat-rooms or on blogs or any websites by anyone, whether or not related to us, on an anonymous basis. We may be subject to government or regulatory investigation as a result of such third-party conduct and may be required to expend significant time and incur substantial costs to address such third-party conduct, and there is no assurance that we will be able to conclusively refute each of the allegations within a reasonable period of time, or at all. Our reputation may also be negatively affected as a result of the public dissemination of anonymous allegations or malicious statements about our business, which in turn may cause us to lose market share, travel suppliers and customers and revenues and adversely affect the price of our ADSs.

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We have limited business insurance coverage in Greater China.

Insurance companies in Greater China offer limited business insurance products and generally do not, to our knowledge, offer business liability insurance. Business disruption insurance is available to a limited extent in Greater China, but we have determined that the risks of disruption, the cost of such insurance and the difficulties associated with acquiring such insurance make it impractical for us to have such insurance. We do not maintain insurance coverage for any kinds of business liabilities or disruptions and would have to bear the costs and expenses associated with any such events out of our own resources.

We hire celebrities to be our brand ambassadors to market our brands and products and this marketing initiative may not be effective.

From time to time, we hire celebrities to be our brand ambassadors to market our “Ctrip” brand or our products and services that are important to our business. However, we cannot give assurance that the endorsement from our brand ambassadors or related advertisements will remain effective, that the brand ambassador will remain popular or his or her images will remain positive and compatible with the messages that our brand and products aim to convey. Furthermore, we cannot ensure that we can successfully find suitable celebrities to replace any of our existing brand ambassador if any of his popularities declines or if the existing brand ambassador is no longer able or suitable to continue the engagement, and termination of such engagements may have a significant impact on our brand images and the promotion or sales of our products. If any of these situations occurs, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

We may face greater risks of doubtful accounts as our business increases in scale.

Since we began providing travel booking services to corporate customers and some hotel customers who generally request credit terms, our accounts receivable have increased. We cannot assure you that we will be able to collect payment fully and in a timely manner on our outstanding accounts receivable from our customers. As a result, we may face a greater risk of non-payment of our accounts receivable. For the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, we recognized the provisions of doubtful accounts of RMB2.8 million, RMB11.7 million and RMB32.1 million (US$5.0 million) respectively. As our corporate travel business grows in scale, we may need to make increased provisions for doubtful accounts. Our operating results and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected if we are unable to successfully manage our accounts receivable.

As we have commenced accounting for employee share options using the fair value method beginning in 2006, such accounting treatment could continue to significantly reduce our net income.

Since 2006, we have accounted for share-based compensation in accordance with ASC 718 “Compensation — Stock Compensation,” or ASC 718, which requires a public company to recognize, as an expense, the fair value of share options and other share-based compensation to employees based on the requisite service period of the share-based awards. We have granted share-based compensation awards, including share options and restricted share units, to employees, officers and directors to incentivize performance and align their interests with ours. We have adopted four share incentive plans, namely, the 2007 Share Incentive Plan, or the 2007 Plan, the 2005 Employee’s Stock Option Plan, or the 2005 Plan, the 2003 Employee’s Option Plan, or the 2003 Plan, and the 2000 Employee’s Stock Option Plan, or the 2000 Plan. As a result of these grants and potential future grants under these plans, we had incurred in the past and expect to continue to incur in future periods significant share-based compensation expenses. The amount of these expenses is based on the fair value of the share-based awards.

Our board of directors has the discretion to change terms of any previously issued share options and any such change may significantly increase the amount of our share-based compensation expenses for the period that the change takes effect as well as those for any future periods. In February 2009, our board of directors approved to reduce the exercise price of all outstanding unvested options that were granted by us in 2007 and 2008 under our 2007 Plan to the then fair market value of our ordinary shares underlying such options and, in December 2009, our board of directors approved to extend the expiration dates of all stock options granted in 2005 and 2006 to eight years after the respective original grant dates of these options. As a result of such changes, our share-based compensation expense of 2009 reduced our diluted earnings per ADS by US$0.14. In February 2010, our compensation committee approved to extend the expiration dates of all stock options granted in and after 2007 to eight years after the respective original grant dates of these options. As a result of such changes and extensions, our share-based compensation expense of 2010 reduced our diluted earnings per ADS by US$0.06. In addition, with such changes and extensions, the application of ASC 718 will continue to have a significant impact on our net income. In addition, future changes to various assumptions used to determine the fair value of awards issued or the amount and type of equity awards granted may also create uncertainty as to the amount of future share-based compensation expense.

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Failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could result in errors in our published financial statements, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on the trading price of our ADSs.

We are subject to the reporting obligations under the U.S. securities laws. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, as required under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, has adopted rules requiring public companies to include a report of management on the effectiveness of such companies’ internal control over financial reporting in its annual report. In addition, an independent registered public accounting firm for a public company must issue an attestation report on the effectiveness of the company’s internal control over financial reporting. Our management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting and concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2015. In addition, our independent registered public accounting firm attested the effectiveness of our internal control and reported that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2015. If we fail to maintain the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, we may not be able to conclude on an ongoing basis that we have effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Moreover, effective internal control over financial reporting is necessary for us to produce reliable financial reports. As a result, any failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could result in the loss of investor confidence in the reliability of our financial statements, which in turn could negatively impact the trading price of our ADSs. Furthermore, we may need to incur additional costs and use additional management and other resources in an effort to comply with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and other requirements going forward.

We may need additional capital and we may not be able to obtain it.

We believe that our current cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, cash flow from operations and proceeds from our financing activities will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash needs for the foreseeable future. We may, however, require additional cash resources due to changed business conditions or other future developments, including any investments or acquisitions we may decide to pursue. If these resources are insufficient to satisfy our cash requirements, we may seek to sell additional equity or debt securities or obtain a credit facility. The sale of additional equity securities could result in additional dilution to our shareholders. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased debt service obligations and could result in operating and financing covenants that would restrict our operations. We cannot assure you that financing will be available in amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all. In particular, the recent financial turmoil affecting the financial markets and banking system may significantly restrict our ability to obtain financing in the capital markets or from financial institutions on commercially reasonable terms, or at all.

Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure

PRC laws and regulations restrict foreign investment in the air-ticketing, travel agency and value-added telecommunications businesses, and substantial uncertainties exist with respect to the application and implementation of PRC laws and regulations.

We are a Cayman Islands incorporated company and a foreign person under PRC law. Due to foreign ownership restrictions in the air-ticketing, travel agency and value-added telecommunications industries, we conduct part of our business through contractual arrangements with our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities. These entities hold the licenses and approvals that are essential for our business operations.

In the opinion of our PRC counsel, Commerce & Finance Law Offices, our current ownership structure, the ownership structure of our subsidiaries and our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities, the contractual arrangements among us, our subsidiaries, our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities and their shareholders, as described in this annual report, are in compliance with existing PRC laws, rules and regulations. There are, however, substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of current or future PRC laws and regulations. Accordingly, we cannot assure you that PRC government authorities will not ultimately take a view contrary to the opinion of our PRC legal counsel due to the lack of official interpretation and clear guidance.

If we and our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities are found to be in violation of any existing or future PRC laws or regulations, the relevant governmental authorities would have broad discretion in dealing with such violation, including, without limitation, levying fines, confiscating our income or the income of our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities, revoking our business licenses or the business licenses of our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities, requiring us and our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities to restructure our ownership structure or operations and requiring us or our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities to discontinue any portion or all of our value-added telecommunications, air-ticketing or travel agency businesses. In particular, if the PRC government authorities impose penalties which cause us to lose our rights to direct the activities of and receive economic benefits from our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities, we may lose the ability to consolidate and reflect in our financial statements the operation results of our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities. Any of these actions could cause significant disruption to our business operations, and may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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Under the equity pledge agreements between our subsidiaries and the shareholders of our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities, the shareholders of our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities pledged their respective equity interests in these entities to our subsidiaries. According to the PRC Property Rights Law, effective as of October 1, 2007, and the Measures for the Registration of Equity Pledge with the Administration for Industry and Commerce, effective as of October 1, 2008, the effectiveness of the pledges will be denied if the pledges are not registered with the Administration for Industry and Commerce. Our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities and our subsidiaries have registered most of the equity pledges, except that registration process for a few equity pledges was pending as of the date of this annual report. The effectiveness of the pledges will be recognized by PRC courts if disputes arise on certain pledged equity interests and that our subsidiaries’ interests as pledgees will prevail over those of third parties.

Furthermore, we were aware that a China-based company listed in the U.S. announced in 2012 that it was subject to the SEC’s investigation which it believed related to the consolidation of its consolidated affiliated Chinese entities. Following the announcement, that issuer’s stock price declined significantly. Although we are not aware of any actual or threatened investigation, inquiry or other action by the SEC, NASDAQ or any other regulatory authority with respect to consolidation of our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities, we cannot assure you that we will not be subject to any such investigation or inquiry in the future. In the event we are subject to any regulatory investigation or inquiry relating to our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities, including the consolidation of such entities into our financial statements, or any other matters, we may need to spend significant amount of time and expenses in connection with the investigation or inquiry, our reputation may be harmed regardless of the outcome, and the trading price of our ADS may materially decline or fluctuate.

If our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities violate our contractual arrangements with them, our business could be disrupted, our reputation may be harmed and we may have to resort to litigation to enforce our rights, which may be time-consuming and expensive.

As the PRC government restricts foreign ownership of value-added telecommunications, air-ticketing and travel agency businesses in China, we depend on our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities, in which we have no ownership interest, to conduct part of our non-accommodation reservation business activities through a series of contractual arrangements, which are intended to provide us with effective control over these entities and allow us to obtain economic benefits from them. Although we have been advised by our PRC counsel, Commerce & Finance Law Offices, that the contractual arrangements as described in this annual report are valid, binding and enforceable under current PRC laws, except for certain equity pledge agreements whose registration process was pending as of the date of this annual report and thus may not be enforceable, these arrangements are not as effective in providing control as direct ownership of these businesses. For example, our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities could violate our contractual arrangements with them by, among other things, failing to operate our air-ticketing or packaged-tour business in an acceptable manner or pay us for our consulting or other services. In any such event, we would have to rely on the PRC legal system for the enforcement of those agreements, which could have uncertain results. Any legal proceeding could result in the disruption of our business, damage to our reputation, diversion of our resources and incurrence of substantial costs. See “— Risks Related to Doing Business in China — Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system could adversely affect us.”

The principal shareholders of our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities have potential conflicts of interest with us, which may adversely affect our business.

Our director, vice chairman of the board and president, Min Fan, our officers, Tao Yang, Qi Shi, Maohua Sun, Hui Cao and Hui Wang were also the principal shareholders of our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities as of the date of this report. Thus, conflicts of interest between their duties to our company and our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities may arise. We cannot assure you that when conflicts of interest arise, these persons will act entirely in our interests or that the conflicts of interest will be resolved in our favor. In addition, these persons could violate their non-competition or employment agreements with us or their legal duties by diverting business opportunities from us to others, resulting in our loss of corporate opportunities. In any such event, we would have to rely on the PRC legal system for the enforcement of these agreements, which could have uncertain results. Any legal proceeding could result in the disruption of our business, diversion of our resources and incurrence of substantial costs. See “— Risks Related to Doing Business in China — Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system could adversely affect us.”

Substantial uncertainties exist with respect to the enactment timetable, interpretation and implementation of draft PRC Foreign Investment Law and how it may impact the viability of our current corporate structure, corporate governance and business operations.

The Ministry of Commerce, or MOC, published a discussion draft of the proposed Foreign Investment Law in January 2015 aiming to, upon its enactment, replace the trio of existing laws regulating foreign investment in China, namely, the Sino-foreign Equity Joint Venture Enterprise Law, the Sino-foreign Cooperative Joint Venture Enterprise Law and the Wholly Foreign-invested Enterprise Law, together with their implementation rules and ancillary regulations.  The draft Foreign Investment Law embodies an expected PRC regulatory trend to rationalize its foreign investment regulatory regime in line with prevailing international practice and the legislative efforts to unify the corporate legal requirements for both foreign and domestic investments. The MOC solicited comments on this draft and substantial uncertainties exist with respect to its enactment timetable, interpretation and implementation. The draft Foreign Investment Law, if enacted as proposed, may materially impact the entire legal framework regulating the foreign investments in China as well as the viability of our current corporate structure, corporate governance and business operations in many aspects.

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Among other things, the draft Foreign Investment Law expands the definition of foreign investment and introduces the principle of “actual control” in determining whether a company is considered a foreign-invested enterprise, or an FIE. The draft Foreign Investment Law specifically provides that entities established in China but “controlled” by foreign investors will be treated as FIEs, whereas an entity set up in a foreign jurisdiction would nonetheless be, upon market entry clearance by the MOC, treated as a PRC domestic investor provided that the entity is “controlled” by PRC entities and/or citizens.  In this connection, “control” is broadly defined in the draft law to cover any of the following summarized categories: (i) holding 50% of or more of the equity interest, share of interests, voting rights or similar equity interest of the subject entity; (ii) holding less than 50% of the equity interest, share of interests, voting rights or similar equity interest of the subject entity but having the power to secure at least 50% of the seats on the board or other equivalent decision making bodies, or having the voting power to material influence on the board, the shareholders’ meeting or other equivalent decision making bodies; or (iii) having the power to exert decisive influence, via contractual or trust arrangements, over the subject entity’s operations, financial matters or other key aspects of business operations. Once an entity is determined to be an FIE and its investment amount exceeds certain thresholds or its business operation falls within a “negative list” to be separately issued by the State Counsel Council in the future, market entry clearance by the MOC or its local counterparts would be required. Otherwise, all foreign investors may make investments on the same terms as Chinese investors without being subject to additional approval from the government authorities as mandated by the existing foreign investment legal regime.

The “variable interest entity” structure, or VIE structure, has been adopted by many PRC-based companies, including us, to obtain necessary licenses and permits in the industries that are currently subject to foreign investment restrictions in China. See “Item 3. Key Information — D. Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure — PRC laws and regulations restrict foreign investment in the air-ticketing, travel agency, advertising and value-added telecommunications businesses, and substantial uncertainties exist with respect to the application and implementation of PRC laws and regulations.” and “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions — Related Party Transactions — Arrangements with Consolidated Affiliated Chinese Entities.” Under the draft Foreign Investment Law, variable interest entities that are controlled via contractual arrangements would also be deemed as FIEs, if they are ultimately “controlled” by foreign investors. Therefore, for any companies with a VIE structure in an industry category that is on the “negative list,” the existing VIE structure may be deemed legitimate only if the ultimate controlling person(s) is/are of PRC nationality (either PRC state owned enterprises or agencies, or PRC citizens). Conversely, if the actual controlling person(s) is/are of foreign nationalities, then the variable interest entities will be treated as FIEs and any operation in the industry category on the “negative list” without market entry clearance may be considered as illegal.

It is likely that we would not be considered as ultimately controlled by PRC nationals, as our shareholder base is relatively diverse and, to our knowledge, ultimate beneficial owners of our shares who are PRC nationals may not, in the aggregate, control more than 50% of our total voting power as of March 31, 2016. The draft Foreign Investment Law has not taken a position on what actions will be taken with respect to the existing companies with a VIE structure, whether or not these companies are controlled by Chinese parties, while it solicited comments from the public on this point by illustrating several possible options. Under these varied options, a company that has a VIE structure and conducts the business on the “negative list” at the time of enactment of the new Foreign Investment Law has either the option or obligation to disclose its corporate structure to the authorities, while the authorities, after reviewing the ultimate share control structure of the company, may either permit the company to continue maintain the VIE structure (if the company is deemed ultimately controlled by PRC nationals), or require the company to dispose of its businesses and/or VIE structure based on circumstantial considerations. Moreover, it is uncertain whether the air-ticketing, travel agency and value-added telecommunications industries, in which our variable interest entities operate, will be subject to the foreign investment restrictions or prohibitions set forth in the “negative list” to be issued.  If the enacted version of the Foreign Investment Law and the final “negative list” mandate further actions, such as MOC market entry clearance or certain restructuring of our corporate structure and operations, to be completed by companies with existing VIE structure like us, we face substantial uncertainties as to whether these actions can be timely completed, or at all, and our business and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected.

The draft Foreign Investment Law, if enacted as proposed, may also materially impact our corporate governance practice and increase our compliance costs. For instance, the draft Foreign Investment Law imposes stringent ad hoc and periodic information reporting requirements on foreign investors and the applicable FIEs. Aside from investment implementation report and investment amendment report that are required at each investment and alteration of investment specifics, an annual report is mandatory, and large foreign investors meeting certain criteria are required to report on a quarterly basis. Any company found to be non-compliant with these information reporting obligations may potentially be subject to fines and/or administrative or criminal liabilities, and the persons directly responsible may be subject to criminal liabilities.

Our contractual arrangements with our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities may result in adverse tax consequences to us.

As a result of our corporate structure and the contractual arrangements between us and our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities, we are effectively subject to the 5% PRC business tax or 6% PRC value-added taxes on both revenues generated by our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities’ operations in China and revenues derived from our contractual arrangements with our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities. We may be subject to adverse tax consequences if the PRC tax authorities were to determine that the contracts between us and our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities were not made on an arm’s-length basis and therefore constitute favorable transfer pricing arrangements. If this occurs, the PRC tax authorities could request that our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities adjust their taxable income upward for PRC tax purposes. Such a pricing adjustment could adversely affect us by increasing our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities’ tax expenses without reducing our tax expenses, which could subject our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities to late payment fees and other penalties for underpayment of taxes, and/or result in the loss of the tax benefits available to our subsidiaries in China. The EIT Law requires every enterprise in China to submit its annual enterprise income tax return together with a report on transactions with its affiliates to the relevant tax authorities. The tax authorities may impose reasonable adjustments on taxation if they have identified any related party transactions that are inconsistent with arm’s-length principles. As a result, our contractual arrangements with our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities may result in adverse tax consequences to us.

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Our subsidiaries and consolidated affiliated Chinese entities in China are subject to restrictions on paying dividends or making other payments to us, which may restrict our ability to satisfy our liquidity requirements.

We are a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands. We rely on dividends from our subsidiaries in China and consulting and other fees paid to us by our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities. Current PRC regulations permit our subsidiaries to pay dividends to us only out of their accumulated profits, if any, determined in accordance with Chinese accounting standards and regulations. In addition, our subsidiaries in China are required to set aside at least 10% of their respective accumulated profits each year, if any, to fund certain reserve funds unless these reserves have reached 50% of the subsidiaries’ registered capital. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends. Furthermore, if our subsidiaries and consolidated affiliated Chinese entities in China incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other payments to us, which may restrict our ability to satisfy our liquidity requirements.

Pursuant to the EIT Law and a circular issued by the PRC Ministry of Finance and the SAT, in February 2008, the dividends declared out of the profits earned after January 1, 2008 by an FIE to its immediate holding company outside China are subject to a 10% withholding tax unless such foreign investor’s jurisdiction of incorporation has a tax treaty with China that provides for a different withholding arrangement, and certain supplementary requirements and procedures stipulated by SAT for such tax treaty are met and observed. Our subsidiaries in China are considered FIEs and are directly held by our subsidiary in Hong Kong. According to the currently effective tax treaty between China and Hong Kong, dividends payable by an FIE in China to a company in Hong Kong which directly holds at least 25% of the equity interests in the FIE will be subject to a withholding tax of 5%. In February 2009, the SAT issued a new notice, Notice No. 81. According to Notice No. 81, in order to enjoy the preferential treatment on dividend withholding tax rates, an enterprise must be the “beneficial owner” of the relevant dividend income, and no enterprise is entitled to enjoy preferential treatment pursuant to any tax treaties if such enterprise qualifies for such preferential tax rates through any transaction or arrangement, the major purpose of which is to obtain such preferential tax treatment. The tax authority in charge has the right to make adjustments to the applicable tax rates, if it determines that any taxpayer has enjoyed preferential treatment under tax treaties as a result of such transaction or arrangement. In October 2009, the SAT issued another notice on this matter, Notice No. 601, to provide guidance on the criteria for determining whether an enterprise qualifies as the “beneficial owner” of the PRC sourced income for the purpose of obtaining preferential treatment under tax treaties. Pursuant to Notice No. 601, the PRC tax authorities will review and grant tax preferential treatment on a case-by-case basis and adopt the “substance over form” principle in the review. Notice No. 601 specifies that a beneficial owner should generally carry out substantial business activities and own and have control over the income, the assets or other rights generating the income. Therefore, an agent or a conduit company will not be regarded as a beneficial owner of such income. Since the two notices were issued, it has remained unclear how the PRC tax authorities will implement them in practice and to what extent they will affect the dividend withholding tax rates for dividends distributed by our subsidiaries in China to our Hong Kong subsidiary. If the relevant tax authority determines that our Hong Kong subsidiary is a conduit company and does not qualify as the “beneficial owner” of the dividend income it receives from our PRC subsidiaries, the higher 10% withholding tax rate will apply to such dividends.

Under the EIT Law, an enterprise established outside of China with its “de facto management body” within China is considered a resident enterprise and will be subject to enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% on its worldwide income. The “de facto management body” is defined as the organizational body that effectively exercises overall management and control over production and business operations, personnel, finance and accounting, and properties of the enterprise. It remains unclear how the PRC tax authorities will interpret such a broad definition. If the PRC tax authorities determine that we should be classified as a resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes, our global income will be subject to income tax at a uniform rate of 25%, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Notwithstanding the foregoing provision, the EIT Law also provides that, if a resident enterprise directly invests in another resident enterprise, the dividends received by the investing resident enterprise from the invested enterprise are exempted from income tax, subject to certain conditions. However, it remains unclear how the PRC tax authorities will interpret the PRC tax resident treatment of an offshore company, like us, having indirect ownership interests in PRC enterprises through intermediary holding vehicles.

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Moreover, under the EIT Law, foreign ADS holders that are not PRC resident enterprises may be subject to a 10% withholding tax upon dividends payable by a Chinese entity that is considered as a PRC resident enterprise and gains realized on the sale or other disposition of ADSs or ordinary shares, if such income is considered as income derived from within China. Any such tax would reduce the returns on your investment in our ADSs.

If we exercise the option to acquire equity ownership in our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities, such ownership transfer require approval from or filings with PRC governmental authorities and subject to taxation, which may result in substantial costs to us.

Pursuant to the relevant contractual arrangements, three of our PRC subsidiaries, Ctrip Travel Information, Ctrip Travel Network, and Wancheng (Shanghai) Travel Agency Co., Ltd., or Wancheng (or their respective designees), each has its respective exclusive right to purchase all or any part of the equity interests in the applicable consolidated affiliated Chinese entities of ours from the respective shareholders of these consolidated affiliated Chinese entities for a price that is the higher of (i) the registered capital of such consolidated affiliated Chinese entities or (ii) another minimum price as permitted by the then applicable PRC laws. Such equity transfers may be subject to approvals from, or filings with, relevant PRC governmental authorities. In addition, the relevant equity transfer price may be subject to review and tax adjustment by the relevant tax authorities. Moreover, the shareholders of our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities, under the circumstances of such equity transfers, will be subject to PRC individual income tax on the difference between the equity transfer price and the then current registered capital of the relevant consolidated affiliated Chinese entities. The shareholders of such consolidated affiliated Chinese entities will pay, after deducting such taxes, the remaining amount to Ctrip Travel Information, Ctrip Travel Network or Wancheng, as appropriate, under the applicable contractual arrangements. The amount to be received by Ctrip Travel Information, Ctrip Travel Network and Wancheng may also be subject to enterprise income tax. Any of the aforementioned tax amounts could be substantial.

We face uncertainty with respect to indirect transfer of equity interests in PRC resident enterprises by their non-PRC holding companies.

We face uncertainties regarding the reporting on and consequences of previous private equity financing transactions involving the transfer and exchange of shares in our company by non-resident investors. According to the Notice on Strengthening Administration of Enterprise Income Tax for Share Transfers by Non-PRC Resident Enterprises issued by the PRC State Administration of Taxation on December 10, 2009, or SAT Circular 698, where a non-resident enterprise transfers the equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise indirectly through a disposition of equity interests in an overseas holding company (other than a purchase and sale of shares issued by a PRC resident enterprise in public securities market), or an Indirect Transfer, the non-resident enterprise, as the seller, may be subject to PRC enterprise income tax of up to 10% of the gains derived from the Indirect Transfer in certain circumstances.

On February 3, 2015, the SAT issued Announcement on Several Issues Concerning the Enterprise Income Tax on Indirect Property Transfers by Non-RPC Resident Enterprises, or SAT Notice No. 7, to supersede the existing tax rules in relation to the tax treatment of the Indirect Transfer, while the other provisions of SAT Circular 698 irrelevant to the Indirect Transfer remain in force. SAT Notice No. 7 introduces a new tax regime that is significantly different from that under SAT Circular 698. It extends the SAT’s tax jurisdiction to capture not only the Indirect Transfer as set forth under SAT Circular 698 but also transactions involving indirect transfer of (i) real properties in China and (ii) assets of an “establishment or place” situated in China, by a non-PRC resident enterprise through a disposition of equity interests in an overseas holding company. SAT Notice No. 7 also extends the interpretation with respect to the disposition of equity interests in an overseas holding company. In addition, SAT Notice No. 7 further clarifies how to assess reasonable commercial purposes and introduces safe harbors applicable to internal group restructurings. However, it also brings challenges to both the foreign transferor and transferee as they are required to make self-assessment on whether an Indirect Transfer or similar transaction should be subject to PRC tax and whether they should file or withhold any tax payment accordingly.

There is uncertainty as to the application of SAT Circular 698 and SAT Notice No. 7. In the event that non-PRC resident investors were involved in our private equity financing transactions and such transactions were determined by the competent tax authorities as lack of reasonable commercial purposes, we and our non-PRC resident investors may become at risk of being taxed under SAT Circular 698 and SAT Notice No. 7 and may be required to expend costly resources to comply with SAT Circular 698 and SAT Notice No. 7, or to establish a case to be tax exempt under SAT Circular 698 and SAT Notice No. 7, which may cause us to incur additional costs and may have a negative impact on the value of your investment in us.

The PRC tax authorities have discretion under SAT Circular 698 and SAT Notice No. 7 to make adjustments to the taxable capital gains based on the difference between the fair value of the transferred equity interests and the investment cost. We may pursue acquisitions in the future that may involve complex corporate structures. If we are considered as a non-PRC resident enterprise under the EIT Law and if the PRC tax authorities make adjustments to the taxable income of the transactions under SAT Circular 698 and SAT Notice No. 7, our income tax expenses associated with such potential acquisitions will be increased, which may have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

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Risks Related to Doing Business in China

Adverse changes in economic and political policies of the PRC government could have a material adverse effect on the overall economic growth of China, which could adversely affect our business.

The majority of our business operations are conducted in mainland China. Accordingly, our results of operations, financial condition and prospects are subject to a significant degree to economic, political and legal developments in China. China’s economy differs from the economies of most developed countries in many respects, including with respect to the amount of government involvement, level of development, growth rate, control of foreign exchange and allocation of resources. While the PRC economy has experienced significant growth in the past decades, that growth may not continue, as evidenced by the slowing of the growth of the Chinese economy since 2012. Any adverse changes in economic conditions in China, in the policies of the Chinese government or in the laws and regulations in China could have a material adverse effect on the overall economic growth of China. Such developments could adversely affect our business and operating results, lead to reduction in demand for our services and adversely affect our competitive position.  The PRC government has implemented various measures to encourage economic development and guide the allocation of resources. Some of these measures benefit the overall PRC economy, but may also have a negative effect on us. For example, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected by government control over capital investments or changes in tax regulations that are applicable to us. In addition, future measures to control the pace of economic growth may cause a decrease in the level of economic activity in China, which in turn could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Inflation in China may disrupt our business and have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

The Chinese economy has experienced rapid expansion together with rising rates of inflation. Inflation may erode disposable incomes and consumer spending, which may have an adverse effect on the Chinese economy and lead to a reduction in business and leisure travel as the travel industry is highly sensitive to business and personal discretionary spending levels. This in turn could adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Future movements in exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and the RMB may adversely affect the value of our ADSs.

The value of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar and other currencies may fluctuate and is affected by, among other things, changes in political and economic conditions. The conversion of the Renminbi into foreign currencies, including the U.S. dollar, has been based on rates set by the People’s Bank of China. The PRC government allowed the Renminbi to appreciate by more than 20% against the U.S. dollar between July 2005 and July 2008. Between July 2008 and June 2010, this appreciation halted and the exchange rate between the Renminbi and the U.S. dollar remained within a narrow band. As a consequence, the Renminbi fluctuated significantly during that period against other freely traded currencies, in tandem with the U.S. dollar. Since June, 2010, the PRC government has allowed the Renminbi to appreciate slowly against the U.S. dollar again. It is difficult to predict how market forces or PRC or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate between the Renminbi and the U.S. dollar in the future.

The majority of our revenues and costs are denominated in Renminbi, while a portion of our financial assets and our dividend payments are denominated in U.S. dollars. We have not used any forward contracts or currency borrowings to hedge our exposure to foreign currency risk. Any significant revaluation of the Renminbi or the U.S. dollar may adversely affect our cash flows, earnings and financial position, and the value of, and any dividends payable on, our ADSs. For example, an appreciation of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar would make any new RMB-denominated investments or expenditures more costly to us, to the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars into Renminbi for such purposes. An appreciation of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar would also result in foreign currency translation losses for financial reporting purposes when we translate our U.S. dollar-denominated financial assets into Renminbi, our reporting currency. Conversely, if we decide to convert Renminbi into U.S. dollars for the purpose of making payments for dividends on our ordinary shares or ADSs or for other business purposes, appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the Renminbi would have a negative effect on the U.S. dollar amount available to us.

Restrictions on currency exchange may limit our ability to receive and use our revenues effectively.

Because the majority of our revenues are in the form of Renminbi, any restrictions on currency exchange may limit our ability to use revenues generated in Renminbi to fund our business activities outside China or to make dividend payments in U.S. dollars. The principal regulation governing foreign currency exchange in China is the Foreign Currency Administration Rules, as amended, or the Rules. Under the Rules, Renminbi is freely convertible for trade- and service-related foreign exchange transactions, but not for direct investment, loan or investment in securities outside China unless the prior approval of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or SAFE, is obtained. Although the PRC government regulations now allow greater convertibility of Renminbi for current account transactions, significant restrictions still remain. For example, foreign exchange transactions under our subsidiaries’ capital account, including principal payments in respect of foreign currency-denominated obligations, remain subject to significant foreign exchange controls and the approval of SAFE. These limitations could affect our ability to obtain foreign exchange for capital expenditures. We cannot be certain that the PRC regulatory authorities will not impose more stringent restrictions on the convertibility of Renminbi, especially with respect to foreign exchange transactions.

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PRC regulations relating to the establishment of offshore special purpose companies by PRC residents and the grant of employee stock options by overseas-listed companies may subject our PRC resident shareholders to personal liability and limit our ability to inject capital into our PRC subsidiaries, limit our subsidiaries’ ability to distribute profits to us, or otherwise adversely affect us.

SAFE issued a public notice, or SAFE Circular 75, in October 2005 requiring PRC residents to register with the local SAFE branch before establishing or controlling any company outside of China for the purpose of capital financing with assets or equity interests in any onshore enterprise located in China, referred to in the notice as a “special purpose company.” On July 4, 2014, SAFE issued the SAFE’s Notice on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Administration for PRC Residents to Engage in Outbound Investment and Financing and Inbound Investment via Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 37, which has superseded SAFE Circular 75. Under SAFE Circular 75, SAFE Circular 37 and other relevant foreign exchange regulations, PRC residents who make, or have previously made, prior to the implementation of these foreign exchange regulations, direct or indirect investments in offshore companies will be required to register those investments. In addition, any PRC resident who is a direct or indirect shareholder of an offshore company is also required to file or update the registration with the local branch of SAFE, with respect to that offshore company for any material change involving its round-trip investment, capital variation, such as an increase or decrease in capital, transfer or swap of shares, merger, division, long-term equity or debt investment or the creation of any security interest. If any PRC shareholder fails to make the required registration or update the previously filed registration, the PRC subsidiary of that offshore parent company may be prohibited from distributing their profits and the proceeds from any reduction in capital, share transfer or liquidation to their offshore parent company, and the offshore parent company may also be prohibited from injecting additional capital into its PRC subsidiary. Moreover, failure to comply with the various foreign exchange registration requirements described above could result in liability under PRC laws for evasion of applicable foreign exchange restrictions.

We have notified holders of ordinary shares of our company who we know are PRC residents to register with the local SAFE branch as required under the applicable foreign exchange regulations. The failure or inability of our shareholders resident in China to comply with the registration procedures set forth therein may subject them to fines and legal sanctions and may also limit our ability to contribute additional capital into our PRC subsidiaries, limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to distribute profits to our company or otherwise adversely affect our business.

On February 15, 2012, SAFE promulgated the Circular on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in an Employees Share Incentive Plan of an Overseas-Listed Company (which is replacing the old circular, “Application Procedure of Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in an Employee Stock Holding Plan or Stock Option Plan of an Overseas-Listed Company”, of 2007), or the new Share Incentive Rule. Under the new Share Incentive Rule, PRC resident individuals who participate in a share incentive plan of an overseas publicly listed company are required to register with SAFE and complete certain other procedures. All such participants need to retain a PRC agent through PRC subsidiary to register with SAFE and handle foreign exchange matters such as opening accounts, transferring and settlement of the relevant proceeds. The new Share Incentive Rule further requires that an offshore agent should also be designated to handle matters in connection with the exercise or sale of share options and proceeds transferring for the share incentive plan participants. We and our PRC employees who have been granted stock options are subject to the Share Incentive Rule. If we or our PRC optionees fail to comply with these regulations, we or our PRC optionees may be subject to fines and legal sanctions.

Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system could adversely affect us.

We conduct our business primarily through our wholly owned subsidiaries incorporated in China. Our subsidiaries are generally subject to laws and regulations applicable to foreign investment in China and, in particular, laws applicable to wholly foreign owned enterprises. In addition, we depend on several consolidated affiliated Chinese entities in China to honor their service agreements with us. Almost all of these agreements are governed by PRC law and disputes arising out of these agreements are expected to be decided by arbitration in China. The PRC legal system is based on written statutes. Prior court decisions may be cited for reference but have limited precedential value. Since 1979, PRC legislation and regulations have significantly enhanced the protections afforded to various forms of foreign investments in China. However, since the PRC legal system is still evolving, the interpretations of many laws, regulations and rules are not always uniform and enforcement of these laws, regulations and rules involve uncertainties, which may limit remedies available to us. In addition, any litigation in China may be protracted and result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management attention. If we and our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities are found to be in violation of any existing or future PRC laws or regulations, or fail to obtain or maintain any of the required permits or approvals, the relevant PRC regulatory authorities would have broad discretion in dealing with such violations, including restructuring. See “Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure — PRC laws and regulations restrict foreign investment in the air-ticketing, travel agency and value-added telecommunications businesses, and substantial uncertainties exist with respect to the application and implementation of PRC laws and regulations.” and “Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure — Substantial uncertainties exist with respect to the enactment timetable, interpretation and implementation of draft PRC Foreign Investment Law and how it may impact the viability of our current corporate structure, corporate governance and business operations.”

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Implementation of laws and regulations relating to data privacy in China could adversely affect our business.

Certain data and services collected, provided or used by us or provided to and used by us or our users are currently subject to regulation in certain jurisdictions, including China. The PRC Constitution states that PRC laws protect the freedom and privacy of communications of citizens and prohibit infringement of such basic rights, and the PRC Contract Law prohibits contracting parties from disclosing or misusing the trade secrets of the other party. Further, companies or their employees who illegally trade or disclose customer data may face criminal charges. Although the definition and scope of “privacy” and “trade secret” remain relatively ambiguous under PRC law, growing concerns about individual privacy and the collection, distribution and use of information about individuals have led to national and local regulations that could increase our expenses.

In December 2012, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress enacted the Decision to Enhance the Protection of Network Information, or the Information Protection Decision, to further enhance the protection of users’ personal information in electronic form. The Information Protection Decision provides that Internet information services providers must expressly inform their users of the purpose, manner and scope of the collection and use of users’ personal information by Internet information services providers, publish the Internet information services providers standards for their collection and use of users’ personal information, and collect and use users’ personal information only with the consent of the users and only within the scope of such consent. The Information Protection Decision also mandates that Internet information services providers and their employees keep users’ personal information that they collect strictly confidential, and that they must take such technical and other measures as are necessary to safeguard the information against disclosure, damages and loss. Pursuant to the Order for the Protection of Telecommunication and Internet User Personal Information issued by China’s Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (formerly known as the Ministry of Information Industry), or the MIIT, in July 2013, any collection and use of user personal information must be subject to the consent of the user, abide by the principles of legality, rationality and necessity and be within the specified purposes, methods and scopes. Compliance with current regulations and regulations that may come into effect in these areas may increase our expenses related to regulatory compliance, which could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and operating results.

PRC regulation of loans and direct investment by offshore holding companies to PRC entities may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds from the offerings of any securities to make loans or additional capital contributions to our PRC operating subsidiaries.

In September 2012, we completed an offering of US$180 million in aggregate principal amount of convertible senior notes due 2017. In October 2013, we completed another offering of US$800 million in aggregate principal amount of convertible senior notes due 2018. In August 2014, in May 2015 and in December 2015, we issued US$500 million in aggregate principal amount of convertible notes due 2019, US$250 million in aggregate principal amount of convertible notes due 2020 and US$500 million in aggregate principal amount of convertible notes due 2025, respectively, to Priceline Group Treasury Company B.V., an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of The Priceline Group Inc, or Priceline Group. In June 2015, we completed an offering of US$700 million in aggregate principal amount of convertible senior notes due 2020 and US$400 million in aggregate principal amount of convertible senior notes due 2025. In December 2015, we issued US$500 million in aggregate principal amount of convertible notes due 2025 to Gaoling Fund, L.P. and YHG Investment, L.P., or collectively Hillhouse, in addition to the aforementioned issuance to Priceline Group. As an offshore holding company, our ability to make loans or additional capital contributions to our PRC operating subsidiaries is subject to PRC regulations and approvals and there are restrictions for us to make loans to our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities. These regulations and approvals may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds we received in the past or will receive in the future from the offerings of securities to make loans or additional capital contributions to our PRC operating subsidiaries and our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities, and impair our ability to fund and expand our business which may adversely affect our business, financial condition and result of operations.

For example, on March 3, 2015, the SAFE promulgated a Circular on the Reforming of Administrative Methods Regarding the Foreign Exchange Capital Settlement of Foreign-Invested Companies, or Circular 19, which became effective on June 1, 2015 and replaced Circular 142. Originally, pursuant to Circular 142, the registered capital of a foreign-invested company settled in RMB converted from foreign currencies may only be used within the business scope approved by the applicable governmental authority and may not be used for equity investments in the PRC and foreign-invested companies may not change how they use such capital without SAFE’s approval, and may not in any case use such capital to repay RMB loans if they have not used the proceeds of such loans. Although Circular 19 restates certain restrictions on the use of investment capital denominated in foreign currency by foreign invested companies, it specifies that the registered capital of a foreign-invested company, denominated in foreign currency, can be converted into RMB at the discretion of such foreign- invested company and can be used for equity investment in the PRC subject to the invested company’s filing of a reinvestment registration with the relevant local SAFE. However, since Circular 19 is newly issued, its interpretation and enforcement involve significant uncertainty.

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In light of the various requirements imposed by PRC regulations on loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies, including Circular 19, we cannot assure you that we will be able to complete the necessary government registrations or obtain the necessary government approvals on a timely basis, if at all, with respect to future loans by us to our PRC subsidiary or with respect to future capital contributions by us to our PRC subsidiary. If we fail to complete such registrations or obtain such approvals, our ability to use the proceeds we received from our initial public offering and to capitalize or otherwise fund our PRC operations may be negatively affected, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

We have attempted to comply with the PRC government regulations regarding licensing requirements by entering into a series of agreements with our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities. If the PRC laws and regulations change, our business in China may be adversely affected.

To comply with the PRC government regulations regarding licensing requirements, we have entered into a series of agreements with our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities to exert our operational control over them and secure consulting fees and other payments from them. Although we have been advised by our PRC counsel, Commerce & Finance Law Offices, that our contractual arrangements with our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities, as described in this annual report, are valid under current PRC law and regulations, as there is substantial uncertainty regarding the interpretation and application of PRC laws and regulations, we cannot assure you that the PRC government would agree with our counsels’ position or that we will not be required to restructure our organizational structure and operations in China to comply with changing and new PRC laws and regulations. Restructuring of our operations may result in disruption of our business, diversion of management attention and the incurrence of substantial costs. See “Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure — Substantial uncertainties exist with respect to the enactment timetable, interpretation and implementation of draft PRC Foreign Investment Law and how it may impact the viability of our current corporate structure, corporate governance and business operations.”

The continued growth of the Chinese Internet market depends on the establishment of an adequate telecommunications infrastructure.

Although private sector Internet service providers currently exist in China, almost all access to the Internet is maintained through state-owned telecommunication operations under the administrative control and regulatory supervision of the MIIT. In addition, the national networks in China connect to the Internet through government-controlled international gateways. These international gateways are the only channels through which a domestic Chinese user can connect to the international Internet network. We rely on this infrastructure, primarily China Telecom and China Unicom, to provide data communications capacity. Although the government has announced plans to aggressively develop the national information infrastructure, we cannot assure you that this infrastructure will be developed. In addition, we will have no access to alternative networks and services, on a timely basis if at all, in the event of any infrastructure disruption or failure. The Internet infrastructure in China may not support the demands associated with continued growth in Internet usage.

In addition, we have no control over the costs of the services provided by telecommunication service providers. If the prices we pay for telecommunications and internet services rise significantly, our results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. Furthermore, if internet access fees or other charges to internet users increase, some users may be prevented from accessing the mobile internet and thus cause the growth of mobile internet users to decelerate. Such deceleration may adversely affect our ability to continue to expand our user base and maintain our user experience.

Our auditor, like other independent registered public accounting firms operating in China, is not permitted to be subject to inspection by Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, and as such, investors may be deprived of the benefits of such inspection.

Our independent registered public accounting firm that issues the audit reports included in our annual reports filed with the SEC, as an auditor of companies that are traded publicly in the United States and a firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), or PCAOB, is required by the laws of the United States to undergo regular inspections by PCAOB to assess its compliance with the applicable professional standards. Because our auditor is located in China, a jurisdiction where PCAOB is currently unable to conduct inspections without the approval of the PRC authorities, our auditor, like other independent registered public accounting firms operating in China, is currently not inspected by PCAOB.

Inspections of other firms that PCAOB has conducted outside of China have identified deficiencies in those firms’ audit procedures and quality control procedures, which may be addressed as part of the inspection process to improve future audit quality. The inability of PCAOB to conduct inspections of independent registered public accounting firms operating in China makes it more difficult to regularly evaluate the effectiveness of our auditor’s audit procedures or quality control procedures. As a result, investors may be deprived of the benefits of PCAOB inspections.

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Proceedings instituted by the SEC against the Big Four PRC-based accounting firms, including our independent registered public accounting firm, could result in our financial statements being determined to not be in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act.

In December 2012, the SEC brought administrative proceedings against the Big Four accounting firms, including our independent registered public accounting firm, in China, alleging that they had refused to produce audit work papers and other documents related to certain other China-based companies under investigation by the SEC for potential accounting fraud. On January 22, 2014, an initial administrative law decision, or Initial Decision, was issued, censuring these accounting firms and suspending four of the five firms from practicing before the SEC for a period of six months.  The accounting firms filed a Petition for Review of the Initial Decision to the SEC.  On February 6, 2015, the Big Four China-based accounting firms each agreed to a censure and to pay a fine to the SEC to settle the dispute and avoid suspension of their ability to practice before the SEC and audit U.S.-listed companies. The settlement required the firms to follow detailed procedures and to seek to provide the SEC with access to Chinese firms’ audit documents via the China Securities Regulatory Commission, or the CSRC. If future document productions fail to meet specified criteria, the SEC retains authority to impose a variety of additional remedial measures on the firms depending on the nature of the failure. While we cannot predict if the SEC will further review the four China-based accounting firms’ compliance with specified criteria or if the results of such a review would result in the SEC imposing penalties such as suspensions or restarting the administrative proceedings, if the accounting firms are subject to additional remedial measures, our ability to file our financial statements in compliance with SEC requirements could be impacted. A determination that we have not timely filed financial statements in compliance with SEC requirements could ultimately lead to the delisting of our common stock from NASDAQ or the termination of the registration of our common stock under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or both, which would substantially reduce or effectively terminate the trading of our common stock in the United States.

Risks Related to Our Ordinary Shares and ADSs

The future sales of a substantial number of ADSs in the public market could adversely affect the price of the ADSs.

In the future, we may sell additional ADSs to raise capital, and our existing shareholders could sell substantial amounts of the ADSs, including those issued upon the exercise of outstanding options, in the public market. We cannot predict the size of such future issuance or the effect, if any, that they may have on the market price of the ADSs. Any future sales of a substantial number of the ADSs in the public market, or the perception that such issuance and sale may occur, could adversely affect the price of the ADSs and impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities.

Provisions of our convertible notes could discourage an acquisition of us by a third party.

In September 2012, we completed an offering of US$180 million in aggregate principal amount of convertible senior notes due 2017. In October 2013, we completed another offering of US$800 million in aggregate principal amount of convertible senior notes due 2018. In August 2014, in May 2015 and December 2015, we issued US$500 million in aggregate principal amount of convertible notes due 2019, US$250 million in aggregate principal amount of convertible notes due 2020 and US$500 million in aggregate principal amount of convertible notes due 2025, respectively to Priceline Group Treasury Company B.V., an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Priceline Group. In June 2015, we completed an offering of US$700 million in aggregate principal amount of convertible senior notes due 2020 and US$400 million in aggregate principal amount of convertible senior notes due 2025. In December 2015, we issued US$500 million in aggregate principal amount of convertible notes due 2025 to Hillhouse, in addition to the aforementioned issuance to Priceline Group. Certain provisions of our convertible notes could make it more difficult or more expensive for a third party to acquire us. The indentures for these convertible notes define a “fundamental change” to include, among other things: (1) any person or group gaining control of our company; (2) our company merging with or into another company or disposing of substantially all of its assets; (3) any recapitalization, reclassification or change of our ordinary shares or the ADSs as a result of which these securities would be converted into, or exchanged for, stock, other securities, other property or assets; (4) the adoption of any plan relating to the dissolution or liquidation of our company; or (5) our ADSs ceasing to be listed on a major U.S. national securities exchange. Upon the occurrence of a fundamental change, holders of these notes will have the right, at their option, to require us to repurchase all of their notes or any portion of the principal amount of such notes in integral multiples of US$1,000. In the event of a fundamental change, we may also be required to issue additional ADSs upon conversion of our convertible notes.

As a company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, we are permitted to adopt certain home country practices in relation to corporate governance matters that differ significantly from the NASDAQ corporate governance listing standards; these practices may afford less protection to shareholders than they would enjoy if we complied fully with the NASDAQ corporate governance listing standards.

As a Cayman Islands company listed on the NASDAQ, we are subject to the NASDAQ corporate governance listing standards. However, NASDAQ rules permit a foreign private issuer like us to follow the corporate governance practices of its home country. Certain corporate governance practices in the Cayman Islands, which is our home country, may differ significantly from the NASDAQ corporate governance listing standards. As we chose to follow home country practice exemptions with respect to certain corporate matters such as the requirement of majority independent directors on our board of directors, our shareholders may be afforded less protection than they otherwise would under the NASDAQ corporate governance listing standards applicable to U.S. domestic issuers. See “Item 16G. Corporate Governance.”

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You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and our ability to protect our rights through the U.S. federal courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law.

Our corporate affairs are governed by our memorandum and articles of association and by the Companies Law (2013 Revision) and common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedents in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands has a less developed body of securities laws as compared to the United States. Therefore, our public shareholders may have more difficulties in protecting their interests in the face of actions by our management, directors or controlling shareholders than would shareholders of a corporation incorporated in a jurisdiction in the United States.

Your ability to bring an action against us or against our directors and officers, or to enforce a judgment against us or them, may be limited because we are incorporated in the Cayman Islands, and because we conduct the majority of our operations in China and because the majority of our directors and officers reside outside of the United States.

We are incorporated in the Cayman Islands, and we conduct the majority of our operations in China through our wholly owned subsidiaries and several consolidated affiliated Chinese entities in China. Most of our directors and officers reside outside of the United States and most of the assets of those persons are located outside of the United States. As a result, it may be difficult for you to bring an action in the United States upon these persons. It may also be difficult for you to enforce in United States courts judgments obtained in United States courts based on the civil liability provisions of the United States federal securities laws against us and our officers and directors, most of whom are not residents in the United States and the substantial majority of whose assets are located outside of the United States. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of the Cayman Islands or China may render you unable to enforce a judgment against our assets or the assets of our directors and officers.

You may not be able to exercise your right to vote.

As a holder of ADSs, you may instruct the depositary for the ADSs to vote the shares underlying your ADSs. Otherwise, you will not be able to exercise your right to vote unless you withdraw the ordinary shares. However, you may not know about the meeting enough in advance to withdraw the ordinary shares. If we ask for your instructions, the depositary will notify you of the upcoming vote and arrange to deliver our voting materials to you. We cannot assure you that you will receive the voting materials in time to ensure that you can instruct the depositary to vote your shares. In addition, the depositary and its agents are not responsible for failing to carry out voting instructions or for the manner of carrying out voting instructions. This means that you may not be able to exercise your right to vote and there may be nothing you can do if the shares underlying your ADSs are not voted as you requested.

Under our deposit agreement, the depositary will give us a discretionary proxy to vote the ordinary shares underlying your ADSs at shareholders’ meetings if you do not vote, unless we have instructed the depositary that we do not wish a discretionary proxy to be given or any of the other situations specified under the deposit agreement takes place. The effect of this discretionary proxy is that you cannot prevent ordinary shares underlying your ADSs from being voted, absent the situations described above, and it may make it more difficult for shareholders to influence the management of our company. Holders of our ordinary shares are not subject to this discretionary proxy.

Your right to participate in any future rights offerings may be limited, which may cause dilution to your holdings.

We may from time to time distribute rights to our shareholders, including rights to acquire our securities. However, we cannot make rights available to you in the United States unless we register the rights and the securities to which the rights relate under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, or an exemption from the registration requirements is available. Also, under the deposit agreement, the depositary bank will not make these rights available to you unless the distribution to ADS holders of both the rights and any related securities are either registered under the Securities Act, or exempt from registration under the Securities Act. We are under no obligation to file a registration statement with respect to any such rights or securities or to endeavor to cause such a registration statement to be declared effective. Moreover, we may not be able to establish an exemption from registration under the Securities Act. Accordingly, you may be unable to participate in our rights offerings and may experience dilution in your holdings.

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You may not receive distributions on ordinary shares or any value for them if it is illegal or impractical to make them available to you.

The depositary has agreed to pay to you the cash dividends or other distributions it or the custodian receives on ordinary shares or other deposited securities after deducting its fees and expenses. You will receive these distributions in proportion to the number of ordinary shares your ADSs represent. However, the depositary is not responsible if it decides that it is unlawful or impractical to make a distribution available to any holders of ADSs. We have no obligation to register ADSs, ordinary shares, rights or other securities under U.S. securities laws. We also have no obligation to take any other action to permit the distribution of ADSs, ordinary shares, rights or anything else to holders of ADSs. This means that you may not receive the distribution we make on our ordinary shares or any value for them if it is illegal or impractical for us to make them available to you. These restrictions may have a material adverse effect on the value of your ADSs.

You may be subject to limitations on transfer of your ADSs.

Your ADSs are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its transfer books at any time or from time to time when it deems expedient in connection with the performance of its duties. In addition, the depositary may refuse to deliver, transfer or register transfers of ADSs generally when our books or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if we or the depositary thinks it advisable to do so because of any requirement of law or of any government or governmental body, or under any provision of the deposit agreement, or for any other reason.

Provisions of our shareholder rights plan could delay or prevent an acquisition of our company, even if the acquisition would be beneficial to our shareholders.

In November 2007, we adopted a shareholder rights plan, which was subsequently amended. Although the rights plan will not prevent a takeover, it is intended to encourage anyone seeking to acquire our company to negotiate with our board of directors prior to attempting a takeover by potentially significantly diluting an acquirer’s ownership interest in our outstanding shares. The existence of the rights plan may also discourage transactions that otherwise could involve payment of a premium over prevailing market prices for the ADSs.

We may be classified as a passive foreign investment company, which could result in adverse United States federal income tax consequences for U.S. Holders.

Based on the market price of our ADSs and ordinary shares, the value of our assets, and the composition of our assets and income, we do not believe that we were a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for United States federal income tax purposes for our taxable year ended December 31, 2015. Given variance in the market price of our ADSs and ordinary shares, the value of our assets, and the composition of our assets and income, although we cannot be certain, we believe there is some risk that we will be treated as a PFIC for our taxable year ending December 31, 2016. Nevertheless, the application of the PFIC rules is subject to ambiguity in several respects and, in addition, we must make annual separate determination each year as to whether we are a PFIC (after the close of each taxable year). Accordingly, we cannot assure you of our PFIC status for our current taxable year ending December 31, 2016 or for any future taxable year.

A non-U.S. corporation will be considered a PFIC for any taxable year if either (i) at least 75% of its gross income is passive income or (ii) at least 50% of the value of its assets (based on an average of the quarterly values of the assets during a taxable year) is attributable to assets that produce, or are held for the production of, passive income. The value of our assets generally will be determined by reference to the market price of the ADSs and ordinary shares, which may fluctuate considerably. If we were treated as a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder held an ADS or an ordinary share, certain adverse United States federal income tax consequences could apply to the U.S. Holder (as defined herein). For a more detailed discussion of United States federal income tax consequences to U.S. Holders, see “Item 10. Additional Information — Taxation — Certain United States Federal Income Tax Considerations — Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules.”

ITEM 4.                        INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY

A.            History and Development of the Company

We commenced our business in June 1999. In March 2000, we established a new holding company, Ctrip.com International, Ltd., in the Cayman Islands as an exempted company with limited liability under the Companies Law of the Cayman Islands. Since our inception, we have conducted the majority of our operations in China and expanded our operations overseas in 2009. As of December 31, 2015, we mainly operated our business through the following significant subsidiaries:

·                  C-Travel International Limited;

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·                  Ctrip.com (Hong Kong) Limited;

·                  Ctrip Computer Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., or Ctrip Computer Technology;

·                  Ctrip Travel Information Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., or Ctrip Travel Information;

·                  Ctrip Travel Network Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., or Ctrip Travel Network;

·                  Ctrip Information Technology (Nantong) Co., Ltd., or Ctrip Information Technology;

·                  Beijing JointWisdom Information Technology Co., Ltd., or JointWisdom (formerly known as China Software Hotel Information System Co., Ltd.);

·                  ezTravel Co., Ltd., or ezTravel; and

·                  HKWOT (BVI) Limited, or Wing On Travel.

After our share exchange transaction with Baidu in October 2015, we obtained approximately 45% of the aggregate voting interest of Qunar. In December 2015, we issued ordinary shares represented by ADSs to certain special purpose vehicles holding shares solely for the benefit of certain Qunar employees and, as consideration, we received class B ordinary shares of Qunar and directly injected these shares to third-party investment entities dedicated to investing in business in China. From accounting perspective, we started to consolidate Qunar’s financial statements from December 31, 2015.

We also conduct part of our business in China primarily through the following significant consolidated affiliated Chinese entities and certain of their subsidiaries:

·                  Shanghai Ctrip Commerce Co., Ltd., or Ctrip Commerce, which holds value-added telecommunications business license;

·                  Beijing Ctrip International Travel Agency Co., Ltd., or Beijing Ctrip, which holds an air transport sales agency license, domestic and cross-border travel agency license;

·                  Guangzhou Ctrip Travel Agency Co., Ltd., or Guangzhou Ctrip, which holds an air transport sales agency license, domestic and cross-border travel agency license;

·                  Shanghai Ctrip International Travel Agency Co., Ltd., or Shanghai Ctrip, formerly known as Shanghai Ctrip Charming International Travel Agency Co., Ltd., which holds domestic and cross-border travel agency and air transport sales agency licenses;

·                  Shenzhen Ctrip Travel Agency Co., Ltd., or Shenzhen Ctrip, which holds an air transport sales agency license, domestic travel agency license;

·                  Chengdu Ctrip Travel Agency Co., Ltd, or Chengdu Ctrip, which holds air transport sales agency license and domestic travel agency license;

·                  Ctrip Insurance Agency Co., Ltd., or Ctrip Insurance, which holds an insurance agency business license;

·                  Shanghai Huacheng Southwest International Travel Agency Co., Ltd. (formerly known as Shanghai Huacheng Southwest Travel Agency Co., Ltd.), or Shanghai Huacheng, which holds domestic travel agency and air transport sales agency licenses;

·                  Chengdu Ctrip International Travel Agency Co., Ltd, or Chengdu Ctrip International, a wholly owned subsidiary of Shanghai Ctrip, which holds domestic and cross-border travel agency licenses, air transport sales agency license; and

·                  Beijing Qu Na Information Technology Co., Ltd., or Qunar Beijing, which holds the licenses, approvals and key assets such as mobile application and website that are essential to the business operations of Qunar.

We formed Homeinns Hotel (Hong Kong) Limited, or Homeinns Hong Kong, in 2001 to expand our business to include the hotel management service. We spun off all of our interest in Homeinns Hong Kong in August 2003. Homeinns Hong Kong became a wholly owned subsidiary of Homeinns in June 2006. Homeinns undertook an initial public offering and its ADSs were listed on the NASDAQ Global Market in October 2006. During the period from September 12, 2008 to March 31, 2009, we purchased ADSs of Homeinns on the open market representing approximately 10% of the then total outstanding ordinary shares of Homeinns. In May 2009, we entered into a purchase agreement with Homeinns to acquire additional equity interest in Homeinns through a private placement of its ordinary shares for $50 million in cash. In connection with this private placement, we have also obtained certain demand, piggyback and Form F-3 registration rights from Homeinns. In June 2015, we, together with our co-founder and chief executive officer Mr. James Jianzhang Liang, our co-founder and independent director Mr. Neil Nanpeng Shen and certain other buyers, delivered a non-binding letter to Homeinns which proposes to acquire all of its outstanding ordinary shares not already owned by these buyers for a cash consideration of US$35.8 per ADS. In December 2015, Homeinns entered into an agreement and plan of merger with the special purpose vehicles formed by our consortium, pursuant to which one of our special purpose vehicles will merge with and into Homeinns with Homeinns continuing as the surviving company after the merger. Upon consummation of the merger, each of our shares in Homeinn will be converted into and become one validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable ordinary share, par value US$0.005 each, of the surviving company. Our aggregate equity interest in Homeinns was approximately 15% of the total outstanding ordinary shares of Homeinns as of December 31, 2015.

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In March 2006, we formed a wholly owned subsidiary, C-Travel International Limited, an exempted company with limited liability incorporated in the Cayman Islands, in connection with our investment in a minority stake in ezTravel Co., Ltd., or ezTravel, an online travel service provider in Taiwan that offers packaged tours as well as hotel and airline ticket reservation services. In 2009, we consolidated ezTravel’s operating results because we had a controlling financial interest of ezTravel. The financial results of ezTravel are not significant to our company in the year ended December 31, 2015.

In April 2007, we formed a new wholly owned subsidiary, Ctrip Information Technology, in the PRC, in connection with the construction of our second customer service center in Nantong, Jiangsu Province, in anticipation of future business expansion.

In March 2010, we entered into a subscription agreement with China Lodging Group and a share purchase agreement with certain selling shareholders of China Lodging Group, pursuant to which we acquired an aggregate of 18,849,446 shares of China Lodging Group at a purchase price of $3.0625 per share, or a total consideration of $57.7 million in cash. In connection with this private placement, we have also obtained certain demand, piggyback and Form F-3 registration rights from China Lodging Group. In addition, in the same month we purchased 800,000 ADSs representing 3,200,000 shares of China Lodging Group in its initial public offering at a purchase price of $3.0625 per share, or a total purchase price of $9.8 million.

In May 2010, pursuant to a sale and purchase agreement dated February 3, 2010 among Wing On Travel (Holdings) Limited, C-Travel International Limited and Ctrip.com International, Ltd., we acquired 90% of the issued share capital of Wing On Travel’s travel service segment (operated through Wing On Travel’s subsidiary, HKWOT (BVI) Limited), for a total consideration of approximately US$88 million in cash, and began to consolidate its financial results since then. In February 2012, we entered into a sale and purchase agreement to purchase the remaining 10% of the issued share capital of HKWOT (BVI) Limited for a total consideration of US$9.4 million. The financial results of Wing On Travel were not significant to our company in the year ended December 31, 2015.

In October 2014, China Software Hotel Information System Co. acquired 100% shares of a technology company focusing on hotel customer reviews. In 2015, China Software Hotel Information System Co. changed the name to Beijing JointWisdom Information Technology Co., Ltd., or JointWisdom.

From time to time, we selectively acquired or invested in businesses that complement our existing business, and will continue to do so in the future. Other than the material acquisitions or investments disclosed above, under “Item 4. Information on the Company — B. Business Overview — Strategic Investments and Acquisitions” or elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F, no acquisitions or investments was material to our businesses or financial results at the time we made the acquisition or investment.

In August 2014, we have expanded an existing commercial agreement with Priceline Group, to strengthen our global partnership. In addition, we issued US$500 million in aggregate principal amount of convertible notes due 2019, or the Priceline 2019 Notes, to Priceline Group Treasury Company B.V., an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Priceline Group and we granted Priceline Group a permission to acquire our shares in the open market over before August 2015, so that combined with shares issuable upon conversion of the convertible note, Priceline Group may hold up to 10% of our outstanding shares. Upon subscription of the convertible note, Priceline Group acquired the right to appoint an observer to our board of directors.

In May 2015 and December 2015, we issued US$250 million in aggregate principal amount of convertible notes due 2020, or the Priceline 2020 Notes, and US$500 million in aggregate principal amount of convertible notes due 2025, or the Priceline 2025 Notes, respectively, to an indirect subsidiary of Priceline Group for its additional investment in us. Immediately following issuance of the US$500 million convertible notes in December 2015 and assuming full conversion of the convertible notes issued to Priceline Group according to their terms, Priceline Group will have beneficially owned securities representing approximately 10.5% of our outstanding shares based on the amendment to Schedule 13D filed by the subsidiary of Priceline Group on December 14, 2015. We have also extended permission to Priceline Group to increase its ownership in our company through the acquisition of ADSs in the open market so that, when combined with the shares issuable upon conversion of all of the Priceline notes, Priceline Group continues to be entitled to hold up to 15% of our outstanding shares (excluding shares that are beneficially owned by Priceline Group or its subsidiary due to any such entities’ ownership or conversion of the notes issued in December 2015). We and Priceline Group have continued the existing commercial partnership, whereby accommodations inventory is cross-promoted between the brands. Concurrently with our issuance of the convertible notes to Priceline Group in December 2015, Hillhouse also subscribed for and was issued US$500 million in aggregate principal amount of our convertible notes due 2025, or the Hillhouse 2025 Notes, in substantially the same terms as those issued to Priceline Group.

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In June 2015, we completed an offering of US$700 million in aggregate principal amount of convertible senior notes due 2020, or the 2020 Notes and US$400 million in aggregate principal amount of convertible senior notes due 2025, or the 2025 Notes. The notes were offered to qualified institutional buyers pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act, and certain non-U.S. persons in compliance with Regulation S under the Securities Act. The 2020 Notes will be convertible into ADSs based on an initial conversion rate of 9.1942 ADSs per $1,000 principal amount of notes (which is equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately US$108.76 per ADS and represents an approximately 45.0% conversion premium over the closing trading price of the ADSs on June 18, 2015, which was US$37.51 per ADS). The 2025 Notes will be convertible into ADSs based on an initial conversion rate of 9.3555 ADSs per $1,000 principal amount of notes (which is equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately US$106.89 per ADS and represents an approximately 42.5% conversion premium over the closing trading price of the Company’s ADSs on June 18, 2015 of US$37.51 per ADS). The conversion rate for each of the 2020 Notes and the 2025 Notes is subject to adjustment upon the occurrence of certain events. The 2020 Notes will bear interest at a rate of 1.0% per year, payable semiannually in arrears on January 1 and July 1 of each year, beginning on January 1, 2016. The 2020 Notes will mature on July 1, 2020, unless previously repurchased or converted in accordance with their terms prior to such date. The 2025 Notes will bear interest at a rate of 1.99% per year, payable semiannually in arrears on January 1 and July 1 of each year, beginning on January 1, 2016. The 2025 Notes will mature on July 1, 2025, unless previously repurchased or converted in accordance with their terms prior to such date.

Effective December 1, 2015, we changed our ADS to Class A ordinary share ratio from four (4) ADS representing one ordinary share to eight (8) ADSs representing one ordinary share.

Our principal executive offices are located at 99 Fu Quan Road, Shanghai 200335, People’s Republic of China, and our telephone number is (86-21) 3406-4880. Our agent for service of process in the United States is CT Corporation System. Our principal website address is www.ctrip.com. The information on our websites should not be deemed to be part of this annual report.

B.            Business Overview

We are a leading travel service provider for accommodation reservation, transportation ticketing, packaged tours and corporate travel management in China. We aggregate hotel and transportation information to enable business and leisure travelers to make informed and cost-effective bookings. We help leisure travelers book tour packages and guided tours and help corporate clients effectively manage their travel requirements. In addition, we offer a variety of other travel-related services, including but not limited to travelers’ reviews, attraction tickets, travel-related financing and car services, and travel insurance and visa services to meet the various booking and travelling needs of both leisure and business travelers. Since commencing operations in 1999, we have become one of the best-known travel brands in China. We pioneered the development of a reservation and fulfillment infrastructure that enables our customers to:

·                  choose and reserve hotel rooms in cities throughout China and abroad;

·                  book and purchase transportation tickets for domestic and international flights and/or trains;

·                  choose and reserve packaged tours that include transportation and accommodations, as well as guided tours and other value-added services in some instances; and

·                  book and purchase other travel-related services for their leisure and business travels.

We target our services primarily at business and leisure travelers in China who do not travel in groups. These types of travelers, who are referred to in the travel industry as FITs (frequent independent travelers) and whom we refer to as independent travelers in this annual report, form a traditionally under-served yet fast-growing segment of the China travel market. We act as an agent in substantially all of our transactions and generally do not take inventory risks with respect to the hotel rooms and transportation tickets booked through us. We derive our accommodation reservation, transportation ticketing and packaged-tour revenues mainly through commissions from our travel suppliers, primarily based on the transaction value of the rooms, transportation tickets and packaged-tour products, respectively, booked through our services.

We believe that we are the largest consolidator of hotel accommodations in China in terms of the number of room nights booked. As of December 31, 2015, we had secured room supply relationships with approximately 359,000 hotels in China and approximately 690,000 hotels abroad, which cover a broad range of hotels in terms of price and geographical location. Through strategic cooperation arrangements with other leading online accommodation reservation service providers in recent years, we expanded our overseas hotel network by gaining access to more international hotels on these platforms through our accommodation reservation services. The quality and depth of our hotel supplier network enable us to offer our customers a wide selection of hotel accommodations. We believe our ability to offer reservations at highly rated hotels is particularly appealing to our customers.

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We believe that we are one of the largest consolidator of airline tickets in China in terms of the total number of airline tickets booked and sold. Our airline ticket suppliers include all major Chinese airlines and many international airlines that operate flights originating in cities at home and abroad. We are among the few airline ticket consolidators in China that maintain a centralized reservation system and ticket fulfillment infrastructure covering substantially all of the economically prosperous regions of China. Our customers can make flight reservations on their chosen routes through mobile platform, internet websites and customer service centers and arrange electronic payment. In addition, we provide the same levels of centralization and convenience to customers seeking to make reservation on their chosen train and bus routes. We believe that we have realized a notable innovation in our transportation ticketing services, namely, our integrated product offering of air, train and bus tickets.

As long as users are searching for one of the transportation products on our database, our system can automatically provide the recommendations to the other two transportation modes with the same dates, origins and destinations. This capability significantly helps our customers to streamline their decision-making process in searching for the most cost-efficient transportation.

We also offer independent leisure travelers bundled packaged-tour products, including group tours, semi-group tours and private tours or packaged tours with different transportation arrangements, such as cruise, bus or self-driving. We provide integrated transportation and accommodation services and offer a variety of value-added services including transportation at destinations and tickets, insurance, visa services and tour guides. We offer customers one-stop services to meet their booking and traveling needs. We also provide high quality customer service, supplier management and customer relationship management services. Our packaged-tour products cover a variety of domestic and international destinations.

We offer our services to customers through an advanced transaction and service platform consisting of mobile platform, multi-lingual websites and our centralized, 24-hour customer service centers. We have built up an industry-leading mobile platform which enhances user experience and user engagement. Cumulative downloads for our mobile app grew from approximately 592 million as of December 31, 2014 to approximately 1.7 billion as of December 31, 2015. In addition, our 24-hour service centers, which provide responsive and high quality customer services, further differentiate us from other online travel service providers. In the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015, transactions effected through our mobile channel accounted for approximately 66% of our transaction orders.

We operate an open platform to further bridge the gap between travelers and travel suppliers with a diverse range of products and services. Travel suppliers ranging from airlines and third-party travel agencies to e-commerce websites offering travel products and services can list their inventories on our open platform to expand their business opportunities. We also offer high quality supplier management services and technology and financial support to enhance supplier experience and encourage supplier participation on the open platform. In addition, we offer high quality customer service to travelers for all the products and services they purchase through our open platform. We believe that our open platform helps us expand the number and types of products and services available to travelers and enhance our price competitiveness, and further build and strengthen the vibrant travel ecosystem on our open platform.

Our revenues are primarily generated from the accommodation reservation, transportation ticketing, packaged-tour services and corporate travel. For information on revenues attributable to our different products, see “Item 5.A. Operating Results.”

Products and Services

We began offering accommodation reservation and transportation ticketing in October 1999. In 2015, we derived approximately 40% of our revenues from the accommodation reservation business and 39% of our revenues from the transportation ticketing business. In addition, we offer other products and services including packaged tours, mostly bundled by us, that cover hotel, ticketing and transportation as well as corporate travel management services.

Accommodation Reservations. We act as an agent in substantially all of our hotel-related transactions. Our customers receive confirmed bookings and generally pay the hotels directly upon completion of their stays. In general, we pay no penalty to the hotels if our customers do not check in. For some of our hotel suppliers, we earn pre-negotiated fixed commissions on hotel rooms we sell. For other hotels, we have commission arrangements that we refer to as the “ratchet system,” whereby our commission rate per room night is adjusted upward with the increase in the volume of room nights we sell for such hotel during such month.

We contract with hotels for rooms under two agency models, the “guaranteed allotment” model and the “on-request” model. Under our agreements with our hotel suppliers, hotels are generally required to offer us prices that are equal to or lower than their published prices, and notify us in advance if they have promotional sales, so that we can lower our prices accordingly.

In addition to the agreements that we enter into with all of our hotel suppliers, we enter into a supplemental agreement with each of the hotel suppliers with which we have a guaranteed allotment arrangement. Pursuant to this agreement, a hotel guarantees us a specified number of available rooms every day, allowing us to provide instant confirmations on such rooms to our customers before notifying the hotel. The hotel is required to notify us in advance if it will not be able to make the guaranteed rooms available to our customers due to reasons beyond its control.

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As of December 31, 2015, we had contracted with approximately 359,000 hotels in China, of which a majority have guaranteed room allotments, allowing us to reserve rooms for our customers even during peak seasons and provide instant confirmation. Rooms booked in hotels with which we have a guaranteed allotment arrangement currently account for a significant part of our total hotel room transaction volume. With the remaining hotel suppliers, we book rooms on an “on-request” basis, meaning our ability to secure hotel rooms for our customers is subject to room availability at the time of booking.

Transportation Ticketing. Transportation Ticketing revenues mainly represent revenues from reservation of air tickets, railway-tickets and other related services. We sell air tickets as an agent for all major domestic Chinese airlines, such as Air China, China Eastern Airlines, China Southern Airlines and Hainan Airlines and many international airlines operating flights that originate from cities at home and abroad, such as Cathay Pacific, Singapore Airlines, American Airlines, Lufthansa, Emirates Airlines, Qantas Airways, Air France-KLM and Delta Air Lines. We also provide other related service to our customers, such as sales of aviation and train insurance, air-ticket delivery services, online check-in, and other value-added services, such as online seat selection and flight dynamics.

Our customers can book tickets through our mobile platform, internet websites and customer service centers and make payment electronically. The airline industry, including airline ticket pricing, is regulated by CAAC. Therefore, we have no discretion in offering discounts on the air tickets we sell.

Packaged Tour. We also offer independent leisure travelers bundled packaged-tour products, including group tours, semi-group tours and private tours or packaged tours with different transportation arrangements, such as cruise, bus and self-driving. We provide integrated transportation and accommodations services and offer a variety of value-added services including transportation at destinations and tickets, insurance, visa services and tour guides. We offer customers one-stop services to meet their booking and traveling needs. We also provide high quality customer service, supplier management and customer relationship management services. Our packaged-tour products cover a variety of domestic and international destinations.

Corporate Travel. We provide transportation ticket booking, accommodation reservation and packaged-tour services to our corporate clients to help them plan business travels in a cost-efficient way. In addition, we also provide our corporate clients with travel data collection and analysis, industry benchmark, cost saving analysis and travel management solutions. We have independently developed the Corporate Travel Management Systems, which is a comprehensive online platform integrating information maintenance, online booking, online authorization, online enquiry and travel report system.

Other Products and Services. Our other products and services include online advertising services, the sale of Property Management System, or PMS, and related maintenance service. Other products and services accounted for a small portion of our total revenues in 2015.

Seasonality

Our business experiences fluctuations, reflecting seasonal variations in demand for travel services. See “Item 5.A. Operating Results,” for a discussion of seasonality in the travel industry.

Transaction and Service Platform

Our customers can reach us for their travel-related needs through either our mobile platform, our multi-lingual websites or our customer service centers. In 2015, transactions executed through our websites and mobile platform combined further increased, accounting for more than 86% of our total transactions, compared with 80% in 2014. To improve the efficiency of our service platform and expand our business opportunities, we have made some technology improvements, such as enhanced international flight search capability, expanded payment methods and virtual desktop technology, which is deployed and in operation for our customer service centers.

Mobile Platform. Our mobile booking software provides one-stop travel platform to our customers who search for hotels, flight, travel, train, car rental and ticket products, and completes bookings within minutes. Mobile applications enable our customers to make bookings more efficiently and have fueled our business growth in new direction. Our customers can also search for travel-related editorial content about destinations and travel tips through the mobile platform. Moreover, travelers can share their travel experience and micro-blogs with others through Ctrip community. We first introduced mobile applications in 2010. Since then we have upgraded mobile applications, added new functions into it on a regular basis and engaged celebrities to promote our brands and mobile platform. Cumulative downloads for Ctrip mobile app exceeded 1.7 billion by December 31, 2015 with a significant portion of our hotel and air transaction executed on it on a daily basis.

In 2013, we developed a corporate travel mobile app, which is the first of its kind in China and provides efficiency to corporate travelers. The app has extensive booking capabilities that match the personal preference of the traveler with their companies’ travel policies. It also features “smart itinerary” and “travel update” functions to ensure users are informed immediately of any changes to their journey. Users of this app enjoy also has 24-hours-a-day, seven-days-a-week call center support.

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Internet Websites. Through our Internet websites, we continue improving shopping experience in hotel accommodations, flight tickets, vacation packages, train tickets, and other travel products to our customers.

We have been constantly upgrading our open platform, so that our suppliers and partners are connected to Ctrip more efficiently. We have opened up our system to international partners, search engines, e-commerce websites and affiliated websites to expand business opportunities. We have made great efforts to enhance our price competitiveness by improving the efficiency of our IT system and by working closely with major airlines, numerous air ticketing agencies and accommodation suppliers, and thousands of destination business partners through the open platform.

We maintain our main website in Chinese at www.ctrip.com and our global website in English at english.ctrip.com. Over time, we also established localized websites specifically targeting Hong Kong, Singapore, Japan, Korea, France, Germany, Spain, Russia, Indonesia, Thailand and Malaysia markets.

We consolidate and organize travel-related information for our consumers, including user behavior data, hotel reviews, travel blogs and community forums. Destination guides and community users actively search for travel information on our websites. Our customers refer to editorial content for destination research and travel tips.

Customer Service Centers. We have two customer service centers located in Shanghai and Nantong, respectively, and they operate 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Unlike some companies in the United States that outsource their customer service to third-party call centers, our customer service representatives are in-house travel specialists. All of our customer service representatives participated in a formal training program before commencing work.

Marketing and Brand Awareness

Through online marketing, customer rewards program, advertising and cross-marketing, we have created a strong Ctrip brand that is commonly associated in China with value travel products and services and superior customer service. We will continue to use our focused marketing strategy to further enhance awareness of our brand and acquire new customers.

Mobile Marketing. We have cooperated with some mobile app marketing agencies and telecommunications operators to increase the number of our app downloads and promote more activations and transactions.

Online Marketing. We have contracted many of the leading Internet search engines in China to prominently feature our websites and have cooperated with online companies to promote our services, as well as conducting public relations activities. We have purchased related keywords or directory links to direct potential customers to our websites.

Advertising. We advertise on television, video websites, LCD display screens, radio stations and subways and also conduct public relations activities in the major cities in China where we have a sales team. In 2013, we launched a multi-media campaign featuring a celebrity. Based on our experience, these are effective advertising methods for increasing brand awareness and attracting new customers.

Cross-Marketing. We have entered into cross-marketing arrangements with major Chinese domestic airlines, financial institutions, telecommunications service providers and other corporations. Our airline partners and financial institution partners recommend our products and services to members of their mileage programs or bank card holders. Customers can accumulate miles by booking air tickets through us, or earn Ctrip’s points by paying through co-branded credit cards.

Customer Rewards Program. To secure our customers’ loyalty and further promote our Ctrip brand, we provide our customers with a customer rewards program. This program allows our customers to accumulate membership points calculated according to the services purchased by the customers. Our membership points have a fixed validity term and, before expiry, our customers may redeem these points for travel awards and other gifts.

Supplier Relationship Management

We have cultivated and maintained good relationships with our travel suppliers since our inception. We have a team of employees dedicated to enhance our relationship with existing travel suppliers and develop relationships with prospective travel suppliers.

Furthermore, we have developed an electronic confirmation system that enables participating hotel suppliers to receive our customer’s reservation information and confirm such reservation through our online interface with the hotel supplier. We believe that the electronic confirmation system is a cost-effective and convenient way for hotels to interface with us. We have not had any material disputes with our travel suppliers with respect to the amount of commissions to which we were entitled.

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Technology and Infrastructure

Since our inception, we have been able to support substantial growth in our offline and online traffic and transactions with our technology and infrastructure.

We provide 24-hours-a-day, seven-days-a-week traveler sales and support service by website, by telephone or via e-mail or by mobile apps. For purposes of providing high service level, we use in-house call centers. Our call centers are located in various locations, including in Shanghai and in Nantong. We have invested significantly in our call center technologies over years and provide top-notch services in China and Asia.

Our systems servers are housed in various locations, mainly in Shanghai and Nantong and these system services are inter-linked among themselves. The performance of our systems servers are monitored and supported 24-hours-a-day, seven-days-a-week. The web hosting facilities have their own back-up systems and conduct daily backup functions for off-site storage.

We access the Internet backbone via several high speed lines to provide fast responses to customer requests, load balance and data backup. The operation of our customer service centers are powered by the servers provided by several leading backend server providers. We adopt hardware, software and services, to protect our servers against unauthorized access to data, or unauthorized alteration or destruction of data.

We believe that the quality of our services powered by technology differentiate us from our competitors in China. Our goal has been to build a reliable, scalable, and secure infrastructure to fully support our customer service center, website operations and one-stop travel platform.

Competition

In the hotel consolidation market, we compete primarily with local and foreign invested consolidators of hotel accommodations. We also compete with new online travel search and service provider platforms; as well as traditional travel agencies. We believe that the hotel room booking volume from FITs of our main competitors is significantly lower than ours. However, as the travel business in China continues to grow, we may face competition from new players in the hotel consolidation market in China and foreign travel consolidators that may enter the China market.

In the transportation ticketing market, we compete primarily with other consolidators of air tickets with a multi-province airline ticket sales and fulfillment infrastructure in China. We also compete with new online travel search and service provider platforms. In the markets where we face local competition, our competitors generally conduct ticketing transactions in person, and not over the Internet or through customer service centers. Many local air-ticketing agencies are primarily involved in the wholesale business and do not directly serve individual travelers, who are our targeted customers. However, as the airline ticket distribution business continues to grow in China, we believe that more companies involved in the travel services industry may develop their services that compete with our transportation ticketing business.

Intellectual Property

Our intellectual property rights include trademarks and domain names associated with the name “Ctrip” and copyright and other rights associated with our websites, technology platform, booking software and other aspects of our business. We regard our intellectual property as a factor contributing to our success, although we are not dependent on any patents, intellectual property related contracts or licenses other than some commercial software licenses available to the general public. We rely on trademark and copyright law, trade secret protection, non-competition and confidentiality agreements with our employees to protect our intellectual property rights. We require our employees to enter into agreements to keep confidential all information relating to our customers, methods, business and trade secrets during and after their employment with us. Our employees are required to acknowledge and recognize that all inventions, trade secrets, works of authorship, developments and other processes made by them during their employment are our property.

Our major domain names is www.ctrip.com. It has been registered with www.markmonitor.com, and the domain name www.ctrip.com.cn with China Internet Network Information Center, a domain name registration service in China, and have full legal rights over these domain names. We conduct our business under the Ctrip brand name and logo. We have registered our major trademarks “Ctrip” and “携程” (Chinese characters for Ctrip) with the Trademark Office of the PRC State General Administration for Industry and Commerce, or SAIC. We have registered the trademark “Ctrip” and “携程” (Chinese characters for Ctrip) with the Registrar of Trademarks in Hong Kong. We have also registered the trademark “Ctrip” and  “携程”(Chinese characters for Ctrip) with the United States Patent and Trademark Office. In 2009, we registered the trademark “携程” (Chinese characters for Ctrip) with the Taiwan Intellectual Property Office and with Direcção dos Serviços de Economia of Macau. In 2014  and 2015, we also registered the trademark “Ctrip” and “携程” (Chinese characters for Ctrip) in Korea, European Union, Singapore, Swiss, Australia, New Zealand, Japan and The United Arab Emirates.

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In 2012, we got the “World Travel Market Globe Award,” which is a global famous award, and were also awarded the “Lifelong Honor,” which is the highest recognition of “Earphone Mic Cup.” In 2013, we were selected by WPP as one of the “BrandZ Top 50” in China and we were selected by Forbes Asia as one of “the Region’s Top 200 Small-and-mid Size Companies.” In 2015, we were recognized as “the Best Online Travel Agency in China” by Travel Weekly China.

Strategic Investments and Acquisitions

To maintain and strengthen our leading market position in China and to become a major travel service provider in the Greater China market, we constantly evaluate opportunities for strategic investments in, and acquisitions of, complementary businesses, assets and technologies and have made such investments and acquisitions from time to time. We have made the following material strategic investments and acquisitions over the past two years:

In December 2013 and August 2014, we entered into share purchase agreements to acquire minority stake of Easy Go Inc., or Easy Go, a leading online and mobile business car booking platform in China, by subscribing its Series B and Series C convertible preferred shares with a total consideration of US$53 million.

In December 2013 and April 2014, respectively, we subscribed Series E and Series E Plus convertible preferred shares of eHi Auto Services Limited, or eHi, one of the largest car rental companies in China, with a total consideration of approximately US$107 million. Immediately prior to completion of eHi’s initial public offering, these preferred shares were automatically converted into Class B common shares of eHi. In November 2014, we purchased, through a private placement transaction that was closed concurrently with the initial public offering, US$10 million worth of Class A common shares of eHi at its initial public offering price, and we subsequently sold these shares through a private transaction. We held an aggregate equity interest of approximately 14% of eHi’s total outstanding shares as of December 31, 2015.

In May 2014, we purchased, through a private placement transaction that was closed concurrently with the initial public offering, US$15 million worth of class A ordinary shares of Tuniu, at its initial public offering price. In December 2014, we purchased, in a separate transaction, an additional 3,731,034 newly issued Class A ordinary shares of Tuniu at an aggregate consideration of approximately US$15 million. In May 2015, we purchased 3,750,000 newly issued Class A ordinary shares of Tuniu at an aggregate consideration of approximately US$20 million. We held an aggregate equity interest of approximately 4% of Tuniu’s total outstanding shares as of December 31, 2015.

In April 2014, we acquired a minority stake in Tongcheng Network Technology Share Co., Ltd., or LY.com, a leading local attraction ticket service provider, for an aggregate cash consideration of RMB1.4 billion (US$228 million).

In September 2014, we acquired certain premises with an aggregate sellable gross floor area of 100,167 square meters and certain auxiliary facilities in Sky SOHO from SOHO (Shanghai) Investment Co., Ltd. for a total consideration of approximately RMB3 billion (US$490 million).

In November 2014, we formed a strategic partnership with Royal Caribbean, through a joint venture, which is designed to serve the PRC cruise market and operate one cruise ship, and we own 35% of the equity stake of the joint venture.

In January 2015, we completed an investment transaction acquiring a majority stake in Travelfusion Limited, a UK-based leading online Low Cost Carrier travel content aggregator and innovator of Direct Connect global distribution solutions.

In May 2015, we made an investment in eLong through acquiring the shares of eLong from certain selling shareholders, including Expedia together with several other investors. We acquired a 38% equity stake in eLong for a total purchase price of approximately US$422 million. In addition, we and Expedia agreed to cooperate with each other to allow our respective customers to benefit from certain travel product offerings for specified geographic markets. In August 2015, we, together with Tencent Holdings Limited, or Tencent, and certain other buyers, delivered a non-binding letter to eLong which proposes to acquire all of its outstanding ordinary shares not already owned by these buyers for a cash consideration of US$18.00 per ADS. In February 2016, eLong entered into an agreement and plan of merger with China E-dragon Holdings Limited, the special purpose vehicle formed by the consortium led by Tencent, and China E-dragon Mergersub Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary of China E-dragon Holdings Limited, pursuant to which China E-dragon Holdings Limited will acquire eLong. At the closing of the transaction, China E-dragon Holdings Limited will be owned by certain of eLong’s existing shareholders, including us, along with Seagull Limited and certain management members of eLong.

In October 2015, we completed a share exchange transaction with Baidu, pursuant to which Baidu exchanged 178,702,519 Class A ordinary shares and 11,450,000 Class B ordinary shares of Qunar, beneficially owned by Baidu prior to the consummation of the transaction for our 11,488,381 newly-issued ordinary shares. Immediately after the closing of the transaction, Baidu owned our ordinary shares representing approximately 25% of our aggregate voting interest, and we owned Class B ordinary shares of Qunar representing approximately 45% of Qunar’s aggregate voting interest. Robin Yanhong Li, Baidu’s chairman and chief executive officer, and Tony Yip, vice president, head of investments, mergers and acquisitions of Baidu, have been appointed to our board of directors.

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As a result of the share exchange transaction with Baidu, we have become a significant shareholder of Qunar. We believe that it would be in the interest of our shareholders and us to provide equity incentives to Qunar employees to align their interests with those of Qunar and its shareholders, including us. To this end, in December 2015, we agreed to issue a total of approximately 5 million ordinary shares to certain special purpose vehicles holding shares solely for the benefit of Qunar employees. In December 2015 and March 2016, we offered approximately 4.0 million ordinary shares represented by ADSs to three special purpose vehicles, each of which holds the ADSs solely for the benefit of Qunar employees. As a result of the transaction in December, we began to consolidate Qunar’s financial statements from December 31, 2015 from accounting perspective. Future receipt by Qunar employees of our shares will be upon satisfaction of legal and contractual conditions, including the condition that any Qunar securities held by or granted to any Qunar employee must have been surrendered before the employee receives our shares.

In late 2015 and early 2016, we agreed to make certain investments, in the form of limited partnership contribution or other financing arrangements, in several non-U.S. investment entities, which are managed or owned by parties unaffiliated with each other and unaffiliated with us and are dedicated to investing in businesses in China. In January 2016, we issued a total number of approximately 5.4 million ordinary shares, including 2,661,967 ordinary shares represented by ADSs, and provided capital contribution or financial support in a total amount of approximately US$1.3 billion in cash to some of these non-U.S. investment entities in accordance with ASC810 under U.S. GAAP. We consolidated the financial statements of these non-U.S. investment entities and as such these cash outflows and share issuances will be eliminated in consolidation. In March 2016, we further issued an aggregate of 395,106 ordinary shares represented by ADSs to certain of these non-U.S. investment entities. These non-U.S. entities have, in the aggregate, acquired a significant minority stake of Qunar from Qunar’s shareholders through privately negotiated transactions, using cash and/or our ordinary shares as purchase consideration.

In January 2016, we invested US$180 million in MakeMyTrip Limited (NASDAQ: MMYT), or MakeMyTrip, India’s largest online travel company, via convertible bonds. In addition, MakeMyTrip has granted us permission to acquire MakeMyTrip shares in the open market, so that combined with shares convertible under the convertible bonds, we may beneficially own up to 26.6% of MakeMyTrip’s outstanding shares. Following completion of the investment, we appointed a director to the MakeMyTrip board of directors.

In April 2016, we announced strategic collaboration with China Eastern Air Holding Company, one of China’s three major air transportation groups, on a broad range of products and services, and we agreed to invest RMB3 billion in the A shares of China Eastern Airlines (SSE: 600115, SEHK: 00670, NYSE: CEA) through a private placement of shares.

PRC Government Regulations

Current PRC laws and regulations impose substantial restrictions on foreign ownership of the air-ticketing, travel agency, advertising and value-added telecommunications businesses in China. As a result, we conduct these businesses in China through contractual arrangements with our affiliated PRC entities as well as certain independent air-ticketing agencies and travel agencies. Our vice chairman of the board and president, Min Fan and our officers, Tao Yang, Qi Shi, Maohua Sun, Hui Cao and Hui Wang all of whom are PRC citizens, directly or indirectly own all or most of the equity interests in our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities as of the date of this report.

According to our PRC counsel, Commerce & Finance Law Offices, the ownership structures, as described in this annual report, comply with all existing PRC laws, rules and regulations.

Restrictions on Foreign Ownership

Air-ticketing. According to the Rules on Cognizance of Qualification for Civil Aviation Transporting Marketing Agencies (2006) and relevant foreign investment regulations regarding civil aviation business, a foreign investor currently cannot own 100% of an air- ticketing agency in China, except for Hong Kong and Macau aviation marketing agencies. In addition, foreign-invested air-ticketing agencies are not permitted to sell passenger airline tickets for domestic flights in China, except for Hong Kong and Macau aviation marketing agencies.

Travel Agency. Currently, foreign investors have been permitted to establish or own a travel agency upon the approval of the PRC government, subject to considerable restrictions as to its scope of business. For examples, under the current Travel Agency Regulations, which became effective on May 1, 2009, foreign-invested travel agencies cannot arrange for mainland residents to travel overseas or to Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan, unless otherwise decided by the State Council or allowed under the Free Trade Agreement executed by the PRC government or according to the Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement between Mainland China and Hong Kong or Macau (“CEPA”). According to the CEPAs, starting from January 1, 2013, travel agencies in which Hong Kong or Macau qualified investors hold an interest are permitted to arrange group travel for the residents in local regions from mainland China to Hong Kong and Macau and on trial basis, one qualified sino-foreign joint venture, in which Hong Kong qualified investors hold an interest, and one qualified sino-foreign joint venture, in which Macau qualified investors hold an interest, are permitted to arrange group travel for domestic residents to travel overseas, which does not include Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan. On August 29, 2010, the National Tourism Administration and the Ministry of Commerce further promulgated the Temporary Administration Rules for Sino-Foreign Joint Invested Travel Agencies to Operate Trip to Overseas Business for Trial, according to which the State Tourism Administration may choose and approve certain qualified sino-foreign joint venture travel agencies to operate business of arranging mainland resident travelling to overseas destinations, Hong Kong and Macau, on a trial basis, except for Taiwan.

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Online Advertising. The principal regulations governing foreign ownership of advertising agencies in China are the Foreign Investment Industrial Guidance Catalogue as amended in 2015, which came into effect on April 10, 2015. Under this catalogue, foreign investors are allowed to own 100% of an advertising agency in China subject to certain qualification requirements. However, for those advertising agencies that provide online advertising service, foreign ownership restrictions on the value-added telecommunications business are still applicable.

Value-added Telecommunications Business License. The principal regulations governing foreign ownership of the value-added telecommunications service provision business in China include:

·                  Administrative Rules for Foreign Investments in Telecommunications Enterprises (2008 Revision); and

·                  Foreign Investment Industrial Guidance Catalogue (2015).

Under these regulations, a foreign entity is prohibited from owning more than 50% of a PRC entity that provides value-added telecommunications services.

In July 2006, the MIIT, issued the Circular on Intensifying the Administration of Foreign Investment in Value-added Telecommunication Business which states that a domestic company that holds an value-added telecommunications business license is prohibited from leasing, transferring or selling the license to foreign investors in any form, and from providing any assistance in forms of resources, sites or facilities to foreign investors that conduct value-added telecommunications business illegally in China. Furthermore, the relevant trademarks and domain names used in the value-added telecommunications business shall be owned by the local value-added telecommunications license holder. Due to the lack of further necessary interpretation from the regulator, it remains unclear what impact the above circular will have on us or other Chinese Internet companies that have adopted the same or similar corporate and contractual structures as ours.

General Regulation of Businesses

Tourism Law.  On April 25, 2013, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress of the PRC issued the Tourism Law of the PRC, or the Tourism Law, which took effect on October 1, 2013. The Tourism Law aims to protect the tourists’ legal rights, regulate tourism market and promote the development of tourism industry and sets forth specific requirements for the operation of travel agencies. The travel agencies are prohibited from (i) leasing, lending or illegally transferring travel agency operation licenses, the information published by travel agencies to attract and organize customers must be true and accurate, (ii) conducting any false publicity to mislead customers, (iii) arranging visits to or participation in any project or activity in violation of the laws and regulations of the PRC or social morality, (iv) organizing tourism activities at unreasonably low price to induce or cheat tourists, and obtaining unlawful profits such as kickbacks by shopping arrangements or tour items paid separately, and (v) specifying shopping venues or arranging tour items paid separately when organizing and receiving tourists, except for those negotiated by the parties or demanded by the customers, which in any event should not affect the itineraries of other customers. In addition, travel agencies shall conclude contracts with customers for tourism activities; and before the start of the itinerary, customers may transfer their personal rights and obligations in the package tour contract to any third person, whom the travel agency shall not refuse without justifiable reasons, and any increased fees shall be borne by the customer and relevant third persons. Accordingly, travel agencies may be subject to civil liabilities for failing to fulfill the obligations discussed above, which include rectification, issuance of a warning, confiscation of any illegal income, imposition of a fine, an order to cease business operation, or revocation of its travel agency permit. Furthermore, if a travel agency arranges shopping venues in violation of the Tourism Law, customers have the right, within 30 days after the end of the itinerary, to demand that the travel agencies handle the return of any purchased goods and make advance payment for the returned goods, or return the fees for any tour items paid separately.

Air-ticketing. The air-ticketing business is subject to the supervision of China National Aviation Transportation Association, or CNATA, and its regional branches. Currently the principal regulation governing air-ticketing in China is the Rules on Cognizance of Qualification for Civil Aviation Transporting Marketing Agencies which became effective on March 31, 2006.

Under this regulation, any entity that intends to conduct air-ticketing business in China must apply for an air-ticketing license from CNATA.

Travel Agency. The travel industry is subject to the supervision of the China National Tourism Administration and local tourism administrations. The principal regulations governing travel agencies in China include:

·                  Travel Agency Regulations, effective as of May 1, 2009; and

·                  Implementing Rules of Travel Agency Regulations, effective as of May 3, 2009.

Under these regulations, a travel agency must obtain a license from the China National Tourism Administration to conduct cross-border travel business, and a license from the provincial-level tourism administration to conduct domestic travel agency business.

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Advertising. The SAIC is responsible for regulating advertising activities in China. The principal regulations governing advertising (including online advertising) in China include:

·                  Advertising Law, as amended in 2015;

·                  Administration of Advertising Regulations, as promulgated in 1987; and

·                  Implementing rules of the Administration of Advertising Regulations, as amended in 2011.

Under these regulations, any entity conducting advertising activities must obtain an advertising permit from the local Administration of Industry and Commerce.

Value-added Telecommunications Business and Online Commerce. Our provision of travel-related content on our websites is subject to PRC laws and regulations relating to the telecommunications industry and Internet, and regulated by various government authorities, including the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and the SAIC. The principal regulations governing the telecommunications industry and Internet include:

·                  Telecommunications Regulations, as amended in 2014;

·                  The Administrative Measures for Telecommunications Business Operating Licenses, effective as of April 10, 2009; and

·                  The Internet Information Services Administrative Measures, as promulgated in 2000.

Under these regulations, Internet content provision services are classified as value-added telecommunications businesses, and a commercial operator of such services must obtain a value-added telecommunications business license from the appropriate telecommunications authorities to conduct any commercial value-added telecommunications operations in China.

With respect to online commerce, there are no specific PRC laws at the national level governing online commerce or defining online commerce activities, and no government authority has been designated to regulate online commerce. There are existing regulations governing retail business that require companies to obtain licenses to engage in the business. However, it is unclear whether these existing regulations will be applied to online commerce.

Internet Privacy

In recent years, PRC government authorities have legislated on the use of the Internet to protect personal information from unauthorized disclosure. For example, the Internet Measures prohibits an Internet information services provider from insulting or slandering a third party or infringing upon the lawful rights and interests of a third party. Internet information services providers are subject to legal liability if unauthorized disclosure results in damages or losses to users. In addition, the PRC regulations authorize the relevant telecommunications authorities to demand rectification of unauthorized disclosure by Internet information services providers.

The PRC laws do not prohibit Internet information services providers from collecting and analyzing person information of their users. The PRC government, however, has the power and authority to order Internet information services providers to submit personal information of an Internet user if such user posts any prohibited content or engages in illegal activities on the Internet. However, PRC criminal law prohibits companies and their employees from illegally trading or disclosing customer data obtained through the course of their business operations.

In addition, the MIIT promulgated the Several Provisions on Regulating the Market Order of Internet Information Services, which became effective as of March 15, 2012. This regulation stipulates that Internet information services providers must not, without users’ consent, collect information on users that can be used, alone or in combination with other information, to identify the user, or User Personal Information, and may not provide any User Personal Information to third parties without prior user consent. Internet information services providers may only collect User Personal Information necessary to provide their services and must expressly inform the users of the method, content and purpose of the collection and processing of such User Personal Information. In addition, an Internet information services provider may use User Personal Information only for the stated purposes under its scope of services. The Internet information services providers are also required to ensure the proper security of User Personal Information, and take immediate remedial measures if User Personal Information is suspected to have been disclosed. If the consequences of any such disclosure are expected to be serious, they must immediately report the incident to the telecommunications regulatory authorities and cooperate with the authorities in their investigations. Furthermore, on December 28, 2012, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress enacted the Decision to Enhance the Protection of Network Information, or the Information Protection Decision, to further enhance the protection of users’ personal information in electronic form. The Information Protection Decision provides that Internet information services providers must expressly inform their users of the purpose, manner and scope of their collection and use of users’ personal information, publish their standards for their collection and use of users’ personal information, and collect and use users’ personal information only with the consent of the users and only within the scope of such consent. The Information Protection Decision also mandates that the Internet information services providers and their employees must keep strictly confidential users’ personal information that they collect, and that they must take such technical and other measures as are necessary to safeguard the information against disclosure, damages and loss. Pursuant to the Order for the Protection of Telecommunication and Internet User Personal Information issued by the MIIT in July 2013, any collection and use of user personal information must be subject to the consent of the user, abide by the principles of legality, rationality and necessity and be within the specified purposes, methods and scopes.

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Regulation of Foreign Currency Exchange and Dividend Distribution

Foreign Currency Exchange. The principal regulation governing foreign currency exchange in China is the Foreign Currency Administration Rules (2008 revision). Under these Rules, the RMB is freely convertible for trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, but not for direct investment, loan or investment in securities outside China unless the prior approval of the State Administration for Foreign Exchange of the PRC, or SAFE is obtained.

Pursuant to the Foreign Currency Administration Rules, foreign investment enterprises in China may purchase foreign currency without the approval of SAFE for trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions by providing commercial documents evidencing these transactions. They may also retain foreign exchange (subject to a cap approved by the SAFE) to satisfy foreign exchange liabilities or to pay dividends. In addition, if a foreign company acquires a company in China, the acquired company will also become a foreign investment enterprise. However, the relevant PRC government authorities may limit or eliminate the ability of foreign investment enterprises to purchase and retain foreign currencies in the future. In addition, foreign exchange transactions for direct investment, loan and investment in securities outside China are still subject to limitations and require approvals from SAFE.

Under the current PRC regulations, loans, either from us or from third-party sources outside of China, incurred by our subsidiaries in China to finance their activities cannot exceed statutory limits, which equal the difference between the respective approved total investment amount and the registered capital of such PRC subsidiaries, and must be registered with the SAFE or its local branches. In the past, our subsidiaries have mainly funded their operations and cash needs from our initial capital injections and cash generated from such subsidiaries’ operations. Other than these discussed above, none of the Company’s PRC subsidiaries had any outstanding loans as of December 31, 2015. Based on the capital needs and cash generated from operations of our PRC subsidiaries, we do not believe that our PRC subsidiaries would need to incur substantial debts to fund their respective operations in China in the near future, and even if they need to incur debts, they could manage to obtain short-term loans from PRC banks and financial institutions, which are not subject to the statutory limits referenced above. We currently do not believe, based on the above, that the statutory debt limits on our subsidiaries in China are material to our operations in China, and we do not believe it to be reasonably likely that our PRC subsidiaries would need to incur debts exceeding their respective statutory debt limit.

SAFE promulgated the Circular on the Relevant Operating Issues concerning Administration Improvement of Payment and Settlement of Foreign Currency Capital of Foreign-invested Enterprises, or Circular 142, on August 29, 2008. Under Circular 142, registered capital of a foreign-invested company settled in RMB converted from foreign currencies may only be used within the business scope approved by the applicable governmental authority and may not be used for equity investments in the PRC. In addition, foreign-invested companies may not change how they use such capital without SAFE’s approval, and may not in any case use such capital to repay RMB loans if they have not used the proceeds of such loans. In addition, to strengthen Circular 142, on November 9, 2011, the SAFE promulgated the Circular on Further Clarifying and Regulating Relevant Issues Concerning the Administration of Foreign Exchange under Capital Account, or Circular 45, which prohibits a foreign invested company from converting its registered capital in foreign exchange currency into RMB for the purpose of making domestic equity investments, granting entrusted loans, repaying inter-company loans, and repaying bank loans that have been transferred to a third party. On March 3, 2015, the SAFE promulgated a Circular on the Reforming of Administrative Methods Regarding the Foreign Exchange Capital Settlement of Foreign- Invested Companies, or Circular 19, which became effective on June 1, 2015 and replaced Circular 142. Although Circular 19 restates certain restrictions on the use of investment capital denominated in foreign currency by foreign invested companies, it specifies that the registered capital of a foreign-invested company, denominated in foreign currency, can be converted into RMB at the discretion of such foreign- invested company and can be used for equity investment in the PRC subject to the invested company’s filing of a reinvestment registration with the relevant local SAFE. However, since Circular 19 is newly issued, its interpretation and enforcement involve significant uncertainty, which may limit our ability to transfer the net proceeds from offerings of our securities to our PRC subsidiaries and convert the net proceeds into RMB and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business in the PRC.

Dividend Distribution. The principal regulations governing distribution of dividends of wholly foreign-owned companies include:

·                  The Foreign Investment Enterprise Law, as amended in 2000;

·                  Administrative Rules under the Foreign Investment Enterprise Law, as amended in 2014;

·                  Company Law of the PRC, as amended in 2014; and

·                  Enterprise Income Tax Law and its Implementation Rules, as promulgated in 2007.

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Under these regulations, foreign investment enterprises in China may pay dividends only out of their accumulated profits, if any, determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. In addition, wholly foreign-owned enterprises in China are required to set aside at least 10% of their respective accumulated profits each year, if any, to fund certain reserve funds, unless such reserve funds have reached 50% of their respective registered capital. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends.

Under the EIT Law, dividends, interests, rent, royalties and gains on transfers of property payable by a foreign-invested enterprise in the PRC to its foreign investor which is a non-resident enterprise will be subject to a 10% withholding tax, unless such non-resident enterprise’s jurisdiction of incorporation has a tax treaty with the PRC that provides for a reduced rate of withholding tax. According to Mainland and Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Arrangement on Avoiding Double Taxation or Evasion of Taxation on Income agreed between mainland China and Hong Kong Special Administrative Region in August 2006, dividends payable by an FIE in China to a company in Hong Kong which directly holds at least 25% of the equity interests in the FIE will be subject to a reduced withholding tax rate of 5%.

Under the EIT Law, an enterprise established outside the PRC with its “de facto management body” within the PRC is considered a resident enterprise and will be subject to the enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% on its worldwide income. The “de facto management body” is defined as the organizational body that effectively exercises overall management and control over production and business operations, personnel, finance and accounting, and properties of the enterprise. It remains unclear how the PRC tax authorities will interpret such a board definition. Notwithstanding the foregoing provision, the EIT Law also provides that, if a resident enterprise directly invests in another resident enterprise, the dividends received by the investing resident enterprise from the invested enterprise are exempted from income tax, subject to certain conditions. However, it remains unclear how the PRC tax authorities will interpret the PRC tax resident treatment of an offshore company, like us, having indirect ownership interests in PRC enterprises through intermediary holding vehicles.

Moreover, under the EIT Law, foreign ADS holders may be subject to a 10% withholding tax upon dividends payable by a Chinese entity and gains realized on the sale or other disposition of ADSs or ordinary shares, if such income is considered as income deriving from within the PRC and if we are classified as a PRC resident enterprise.

Regulation of Income Taxes and Financial Subsidies. See “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Income Taxes and Financial Subsidies.”

C.            Organizational Structure

The following table sets out the details of our significant subsidiaries as of December 31, 2015:

We are a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands and rely on dividends from our subsidiaries in China and consulting and other fees paid to our subsidiaries by our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities. We conduct a majority of our business through our wholly owned subsidiaries in China. Due to the current restrictions on foreign ownership of air-ticketing, travel agency, online advertising and value-added telecommunications businesses in China, we have conducted part of our operations in these businesses through a series of contractual arrangements between our PRC subsidiaries and our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities. Our significant consolidated affiliated Chinese entities included Ctrip Commerce, Shanghai Huacheng, Shanghai Ctrip, Beijing Ctrip, Guangzhou Ctrip, Shenzhen Ctrip, Ctrip Insurance, Chengdu Ctrip, Chengdu Ctrip International and Qunar Beijing as of December 31, 2015. In early 2013, we amended and restated the contractual arrangements that we previously entered into with our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities in order to further strengthen our ability to control these entities and receive substantially all of the economic benefits from them. We have entered into additional contractual arrangements based on substantially the same series of amended and restated forms with our other consolidated affiliated Chinese entities subsequent to our adoption of these forms, and plan to enter into substantially the same series of agreements with all of our future consolidated affiliated Chinese entities. In 2015, we further optimized the functions of our various consolidated affiliated Chinese entities to avoid duplicative operations among these consolidated affiliated Chinese entities.

As of the date of this report, Min Fan, our co-founder, vice chairman of the board and president, Tao Yang, our senior vice president, Qi Shi, our vice president, Maohua Sun, our senior vice president, Hui Cao, our director, and Hui Wang, our senior director are principal record owners of our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities. Each of them has signed an irrevocable power of attorney to appoint Ctrip Computer Technology or its designated person, as attorney-in-fact to vote, by itself or any other person to be designated at its discretion, on all matters of our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities. Each power of attorney will remain effective during the existence of the applicable consolidated affiliated Chinese entity.

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D.            Property, Plants and Equipment

Our first customer service center and principal sales, marketing and development facilities and administrative offices are located on owned premises comprising approximately 39,000 square meters in an economic development park in Shanghai, China. Our second customer service center, which began operations in May 2010, is located in our owned premises in Nantong, China, comprising approximately 80,000 square meters. In addition to our China offices in Beijing, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Chengdu, Qingdao, Shenyang, Xiamen, Hangzhou, Wuhan, Nanjing, Sanya, Chongqing, Lijiang, Xi’an, Tianjin and Kunming, we also have overseas offices in Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japan, Korea, America, Singapore and Thailand. We believe that we will be able to obtain adequate facilities, principally through the leasing of appropriate properties, to accommodate our expansion plans in the near future.

To support future business expansion, we acquired the land use right to a piece of land measuring approximately 9,000 square meters in Chengdu, Sichuan province in November 2011 for approximately RMB10 million (US$1.5 million), and built our regional head office on this land. The construction commenced in 2011 and was completed in the early 2014. The total investment including the land use right was approximately RMB270 million. In 2012, we completed the purchase of a part of an office building in Shanghai for approximately RMB392 million and an office building of approximately 8,857 square meters in Beijing for approximately RMB160 million. In 2013, we entered into an agreement to purchase an office building in Shanghai for approximately RMB590 million including related taxes, of which RMB264 million have been paid. The purchase was completed in 2014. In September 2014, we acquired certain premises with an aggregate sellable gross floor area of 100,167 square meters and certain auxiliary facilities in Sky SOHO from SOHO (Shanghai) Investment Co., Ltd. for a total consideration of approximately RMB3 billion. All of the abovementioned amounts were fully paid from our operating cash flow.

ITEM 4A                  UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 5.                        OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS

The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations is based upon and should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and their related notes included in this annual report on Form 20-F. This annual report contains forward-looking statements. See “G. Safe Harbor” In evaluating our business, you should carefully consider the information provided under the caption “Risk Factors” in this annual report. We caution you that our businesses and financial performance are subject to substantial risks and uncertainties.

A.            Operating Results

We are a leading consolidator of hotel accommodations and airline tickets in China. We aggregate information on hotels and flights and enable our customers to make informed and cost-effective hotel and flight bookings. We also offer packaged-tour products and other products and services.

In 2015, we derived approximately 40%, 39%, 15%, 4% and 2% of our total revenues from our accommodation reservation, transportation ticketing, packaged tour, corporate travel and other products and services, respectively.

Major Factors Affecting the Travel Industry

A variety of factors affect the travel industry in China, and hence our results of operations and financial condition, including:

Growth in the Overall Economy and Demand for Travel Services in China. We expect that our financial results will continue to be affected by the overall growth of the economy and demand for travel services in China and the rest of the world. According to the statistical report published on the website of National Bureau of Statistics of China on February 29, 2016, China’s GDP grew from RMB47.2 trillion (US$7.5 trillion) in 2011 to RMB67.7 trillion (US$10.4 trillion) in 2015, representing a compound annual growth rate of 9.4%. China’s GDP per capita in the same period grew from RMB34,999 (US$5,561) to RMB49,351 (US$7,618), representing a 9% compound annual growth rate. This growth led to a significant increase in the demand for travel services.

According to the statistical report published on the website of National Bureau of Statistics of China on February 29, 2016, China’s domestic tourism spending grew from RMB1,930.6 billion (US$306.7 billion) in 2011 to RMB3,419.5 billion (US$527.9 billion) in 2015, representing a compound annual growth of 15.4%. We anticipate that demand for travel services in China will continue to increase in the foreseeable future as the economy in China continues to grow. However, any adverse changes in economic conditions of China and the rest of the world, such as the current global financial crisis and economic downturn, could have a material adverse effect on the travel industry in China, which in turn would harm our business. See “Item 3. Key Information — D. Risk Factors — Our business is sensitive to global economic conditions. A severe or prolonged downturn in the global or Chinese economy may have a material and adverse effect on our business, and may materially and adversely affect our growth and profitability.”

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Seasonality in the Travel Service Industry. The travel service industry is characterized by seasonal fluctuations and accordingly our revenues may vary from quarter to quarter. To date, the revenues generated during the summer season of each year generally are higher than those generated during the winter season, mainly because the summer season coincides with the peak business and leisure travel season, while the winter season of each year includes the Chinese New Year holiday, during which our customers reduce their business activities. These seasonality trends are difficult to discern in our historical results because our revenues have grown substantially since inception. However, our future results may be affected by seasonal fluctuations in the use of our services by our customers.

Disruptions in the Travel Industry. Individual travelers tend to modify their travel plans based on the occurrence of events such as:

·                  the outbreak of Ebola virus, HIN1 influenza, avian flu, SARS or any other serious contagious diseases;

·                  increased prices in the hotel, airline or other travel-related industries;

·                  increased occurrence of travel-related accidents;

·                  political unrest;

·                  natural disasters or poor weather conditions;

·                  terrorist attacks or threats of terrorist attacks or war;

·                  any travel restrictions or security procedures implemented in connection with major events in China; and

·                  general economic downturns.

See also “Item 3. Key Information — D. Risk Factors — The recurrence of SARS or other similar outbreaks of contagious diseases as well as natural disasters may materially and adversely affect our business and operating results.”

Any future outbreak of contagious diseases or similar adverse public health developments, extreme unexpected bad weather or severe natural disasters would affect our business and operating results. Ongoing concerns regarding contagious disease or natural disasters, particularly its effect on travel, could negatively impact our China-based customers’ desire to travel. If there is a recurrence of an outbreak of certain contagious diseases or natural disasters, travel to and from affected regions could be curtailed. Public policy regarding, or governmental restrictions, on travel to and from these and other regions on account of an outbreak of any contagious disease or occurrence of natural disasters could have a material adverse effect on our business and operating results.

Major Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations

Revenues

Revenues Composition and Sources of Revenue Growth. We have experienced significant revenue growth since we commenced operations in 1999. Our total revenues grew from RMB3.7 billion in 2011 to RMB11.5 billion (US$1.8 billion) in 2015, representing a compound annual growth rate of 32.5%.

We generate our revenues primarily from the accommodation reservation and transportation ticketing businesses. The table below sets forth the revenues from our principal lines of business as a percentage of our revenues for the periods indicated.

As we generally do not take ownership of the products and services being sold and act as an agent in substantially all of our transactions, our risk of loss due to obligations for cancelled hotel and airline ticket reservations is minimal. Accordingly, we recognize revenues primarily based on commissions earned rather than transaction value.

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Since current PRC laws and regulations impose substantial restrictions on foreign ownership of air-ticketing, travel agency, advertising and value-added telecommunications businesses in China, we conduct part of our transportation ticketing and packaged-tour businesses through our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities. Historically, we generated a portion of our revenues from fees charged to these entities. See “—Arrangements with Affiliated Chinese Entities” for a description of our relationship with these entities.

Accommodation Reservation. Revenues from our accommodation reservation business have been our primary source of revenues since our inception. In 2013, 2014 and 2015, revenues from our accommodation reservation business accounted for RMB2.2 billion, RMB3.2 billion and RMB4.6 billion (US$713 million), respectively, or 39%, 41% and 40%, respectively, of our total revenues.

We generate our accommodation reservation revenues through commissions from hotels. We recognize revenues when we receive confirmation from a hotel that a customer who booked the hotel through us has completed the stay at the applicable hotel and upon confirmation of the commissions amount by the hotel. While we generally agree in advance on fixed commissions with a particular hotel, we also enter into a commission arrangement with many of our hotel suppliers that we refer to as the “ratchet system.” Under the ratchet system, our commission per room night for a given hotel increases for the month if we sell in excess of a pre-agreed number of room nights with such hotel within the month.

Transportation Ticketing. Since early 2002, our transportation ticketing business has been growing rapidly. In 2013, 2014 and 2015, revenues from our transportation ticketing business accounted for RMB2.2 billion, RMB3.0 billion and RMB4.5 billion (US$688 million), respectively, or 38%, 38% and 39%, respectively, of our total revenues.

We conduct our transportation ticketing business through our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities, as well as a network of independent transportation ticketing service companies. Commissions from transportation ticketing rendered are recognized after tickets are issued.

Packaged-tour. Our packaged-tour business has grown rapidly in the past three years. In 2013, 2014 and 2015, revenues from our packaged-tour business accounted for RMB936 million, RMB1.1 billion and RMB1.7 billion (US$257 million), respectively. We conduct our packaged-tour business mainly through our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities, which bundle the packaged-tour products and receive referral fees from different travel suppliers for different components and services of the packaged tours sold through our transaction and service platform. Referral fees are recognized as revenues after the packaged-tour services are rendered. Our consolidated affiliated entities also, from time to time, act as principal in connection with the packaged-tour services provided by them.

Corporate Travel. Corporate travel revenues primarily include commissions from transportation ticket booking, accommodation reservation and packaged-tour services rendered to corporate clients. In 2013, 2014 and 2015, revenues from our corporate travel services accounted for RMB267 million, RMB373 million and RMB473 million (US$73 million), respectively. Commissions from transportation ticketing services rendered are recognized after transportation tickets are issued. Commissions from accommodation reservation services rendered are recognized after hotel customers have completed their stay at the applicable hotel and upon confirmation of commissions amount by the hotel. Commissions from tour package services rendered are recognized after the packaged-tour services are rendered and collections are reasonably assured.

Other Products and Services. Our other products and services primarily consist of online advertising services, the sale of PMS and related maintenance service. We place our customers’ advertisements on our websites and in our introductory brochures. We conduct the advertising business through Ctrip Commerce, and we recognize revenues when Ctrip Commerce renders advertising services. We conduct PMS sale and maintenance business through JointWisdom. The sale of PMS is recognized upon customer’s acceptance. Maintenance service revenue is recognized ratably over the term of the maintenance contract on a straight-line basis.

Cost of Revenues

Cost of revenues are costs directly attributable to rendering our revenues, which consist primarily of payroll compensation of customer service center personnel, credit card service fee, telecommunication expenses and other direct expenses incurred in connection with our transaction and service platform. Payroll compensation accounted for 59%, 58% and 51% of our cost of revenues in 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. Credit card charges accounted for 19%, 19% and 19% of our cost of revenues in 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. Telecommunication expenses accounted for 8%, 7% and 4% of our cost of revenues in 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively.

Cost of revenues accounted for 26%, 29% and 28% of our net revenues in 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. We believe our relatively low ratio of cost of revenues to revenues is primarily due to competitive labor costs in China and high efficiency of our customer service system. Our cost efficiency was further enhanced by our website operations, which require significantly fewer service staff to operate and maintain. The decrease of percentage of cost of revenues over net revenues in 2015 was largely due to enhanced efficiency of our customer service.

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Operating Expenses

Operating expenses consist primarily of product development expenses, sales and marketing expenses, general and administrative expenses, all of which include share-based compensation expense. In 2015, we recorded RMB643 million (US$99 million) of share-based compensation expense compared to RMB438 million and RMB497 million for 2013 and 2014, respectively. Share-based compensation expense is included in the same income statement category as the cash compensation paid to the recipient of the share-based award.

Product development expenses primarily include expenses we incur to develop our travel suppliers network and expenses we incur to maintain, monitor and manage our transaction and service platform. Product development expenses accounted for 23%, 32% and 30% of our net revenues in 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. The product development expenses as a percentage of net revenues in 2015 decreased compared to that in 2014 primarily due to enhanced efficiency in line with our growth of scale.

Sales and marketing expenses primarily comprise payroll compensation and benefits for our sales and marketing personnel, advertising expenses, and other related marketing and promotion expenses. Our sales and marketing expenses accounted for 24%, 30% and 28% of our net revenues in 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. The sales and market expenses as a percentage of net revenues in 2015 decreased primarily due to reduction in expenses in connection with marketing and promotional activities.

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of payroll compensation, benefits and travel expenses for our administrative staff, professional service fees, as well as administrative office expenses. Our general and administrative expenses accounted for 12%, 12% and 10% of our net revenues in 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. The general and administrative expenses as a percentage of net revenues in 2015 decreased primarily due to the reduction in personnel expenses of general and administrative employees as a percentage of revenue.

Foreign Exchange Risk

We are exposed to foreign exchange risk arising from various currency exposures. See “Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure about Market Risk.”

Income Taxes and Financial Subsidies

Income Taxes. Our effective income tax rate was 26%, 97% and 16% for 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively, primarily due to the change of profit before tax during the periods as well as the tax effect of gain on deconsolidation of the subsidiaries with a lower withholding tax rate in 2015.

On March 16, 2007, the National People’s Congress, the Chinese legislature, passed the new EIT Law, which became effective on January 1, 2008. The EIT Law applies a uniform 25% enterprise income tax rate to both foreign-invested enterprises and domestic enterprises. Under the EIT Law, enterprises that were established before March 16, 2007 and already enjoy preferential tax treatments will (i) in the case of preferential tax rates, continue to enjoy the tax rates which will be gradually increased to the new tax rates within five years from January 1, 2008 or (ii) in the case of preferential tax exemption or reduction for a specified term, continue to enjoy the preferential tax holiday until the expiration of such term. For certain enterprises established in special economic zones, including Pudong New Area, a transitional preferential income tax rate of 18%, 20%, 22%, 24% and 25% for the respective five-year transition period is allowed. The significant increase in our effective income tax rate from 2013 to 2014 and the significant decrease from 2014 to 2015 were primarily due to our recognition of a significant valuation allowance against certain deferred tax assets in 2014 as a result of an increase in tax losses generated from certain subsidiaries that were not expected to be recovered.

On April 14, 2008, the Ministry of Science and Technology and the Ministry of Finance and the SAT jointly issued Guokefahuo (2008) No.127, “Administrative Measures for Assessment of High and New Technology Enterprises,” or the Measures, and “Catalogue of High and New Technology Domains Strongly Supported by the State,” or the Catalogue, each of which is retroactively effective as of January 1, 2008. The Measures mainly set forth general guidelines regarding criteria as well as application procedures for qualification as a “high and new technology enterprise” under the EIT Law.

Pursuant to the EIT Law, companies established in China were generally subject to EIT at a statutory rate of 25%. The 25% EIT rate applies to our subsidiaries and consolidated affiliated Chinese entities established in China, except for Ctrip Computer Technology, Ctrip Travel Information, Ctrip Travel Network and JointWisdom, Chengdu Information, which are our subsidiaries, and Chengdu Ctrip and Chengdu Ctrip International; all of which are our consolidated affiliated Chinese entities.

·                  In 2014, Ctrip Computer Technology, Ctrip Travel Information, Ctrip Travel Network and JointWisdom reapplied for their qualification as “high and new technology enterprise,” which were approved by the relevant government authority. Thus, these subsidiaries are entitled to a preferential EIT rate of 15% from 2014 to 2016, except that JointWisdom is entitled to the preferential EIT rate of 15% from 2015 to 2017.

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·                  In 2002, China’s SAT started to implement preferential tax policy in China’s western region, and companies located in applicable jurisdictions covered by the Catalogue of Encouraged Industries in the Western Region (initially effective through the end of 2010 and further extended to 2020) are eligible to apply for a preferential income tax rate of 15% if their businesses fall within the “encouraged” category of the policy. Over the years since 2012, Chengdu Ctrip and Chengdu Ctrip International obtained approval from local tax authorities to apply the 15% tax rate for their annual tax filing subject to periodic renewals. The two entities re-applied for this qualification after the effective period expired in 2014 and their applications were approved by the relevant government authority. In 2013, Chengdu Information obtained approval from local tax authorities to apply the 15% tax rate for 2012 tax filing and for the year from 2013 to 2016.

In November 2011, the Ministry of Finance released Circular Caishui (2011) No. 111 mandating Shanghai to be the first city to carry out a pilot program of tax reform. Effective January 1, 2012, any entity in Shanghai that falls in the category of “selected modern service industries” was required to switch from being a business tax payer to become a value-added tax (“VAT”) payer, who is permitted to offset expenses incurred in providing the relevant services it provides from the taxable income. In May 2013, the Ministry of Finance released Circular Caishui (2013) No. 37 to extend the tax reform nationwide. Effective August 1, 2013, entities within transportation service and selected modern service industries switched from a business tax payer to a value-added tax (“VAT”) payer. Ctrip Travel Network and Shanghai Commerce have been subject to VAT at a rate of 6% and stopped paying the 5% business tax from January 1, 2012 onwards. We do not expect this change to have a material impact on our consolidated results of operations.

Financial Subsidies. In 2013, 2014 and 2015, our subsidiaries in China received financial subsidies from the government authorities in Shanghai in the amount of approximately RMB120 million, RMB132 million and RMB199 million (US$31 million), respectively, which we recorded as other income upon cash receipt. Such financial subsidies were granted to us at the sole discretion of the government authorities. We cannot assure you that our subsidiaries will continue to receive financial subsidies in the future.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

We prepare financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP, which requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities on the date of the balance sheet and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the financial reporting period. We continually evaluate these estimates and assumptions based on the most recently available information, our own historical experiences and various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, which together form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Since the use of estimates is an integral component of the financial reporting process, actual results could differ from those estimates. Some of our accounting policies require higher degrees of judgment than others in their application. We consider the policies discussed below to be critical to an understanding of our financial statements as their application places the most significant demands on management’s judgment.

Revenue Recognition. We describe our revenue recognition policies in our consolidated financial statements. We apply ASC 605 “Revenue Recognition” to our policies for revenue recognition and presentation of consolidated statement of income and comprehensive income. The factors we have considered include whether we are able to achieve the pre-determined specific performance targets by travel suppliers for recognition of the incentive commissions in addition to the fixed-rate and our risk of loss due to obligations for cancelled hotel and airline ticket reservations. As we operate primarily as an agent to the travel suppliers and our risk of loss due to obligations for cancelled hotel and airline ticket reservations is minimal, we recognize commissions on a net basis. We present revenues on a net basis generally. Revenues are recognized at gross amounts received from customers in cases where we undertake the majority of the business risks and act as principal related to the services provided. The amount of revenues recognized at gross basis was immaterial during the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.

Business Combination. We apply ASC 805 “Business Combination,” which requires that all business combinations be accounted for under the purchase method. The cost of an acquisition is measured as the aggregate of fair values at the date of exchange of assets given, liabilities incurred and equity instruments issued. The costs directly attributable to an acquisition are expensed as incurred. Identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities acquired or assumed are measured separately at their fair value as of the acquisition date, irrespective of the extent of any non-controlling interests. The excess of (i) the total of cost of acquisition, fair value of non-controlling interests and acquisition date fair value of any previously held equity interest in an acquiree over (ii) the fair value of identifiable net assets of an acquiree is recorded as goodwill. If the cost of acquisition is less than the fair value of the net assets of a subsidiary acquired, the difference is recognized directly in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

Investment. Our investments include held to maturity investments, available-for-sale investments, equity method investments and cost method investments in certain publicly traded companies and privately-held companies. The securities that we have positive intent and ability to hold to maturity are classified as held to maturity investments and stated at amortized cost. Cost method is used for investments over which we do not have the ability to exercise significant influence. Gain or losses are realized when such investments are sold or when dividends are declared or payments are received. We apply equity method in accounting for its investments in entities in which we have the ability to exercise significant influence but do not own a majority equity interest or otherwise controls and the investments are either common stock or in-substance common stocks. Unrealized gains on transactions between us and the affiliated entity are eliminated to the extent of our interest in the affiliated entity; unrealized losses are also eliminated unless the transaction provides evidence of an impairment of the asset transferred. We classify its investments in debt and equity securities, that are not accounted for as cost or equity method investments, into one of three categories and accounts for these as follows: (i) debt securities that we have the positive intent and the ability to hold to maturity are classified as “held to maturity” and reported at amortized cost; (ii) debt and equity securities that are bought and held principally for the purpose of selling them in the near term are classified as “trading securities” with unrealized holding gains and losses included in earnings; (iii) debt and equity securities not classified as held to maturity or as trading securities are classified as “available-for-sale” and reported at fair value through other comprehensive income. Realized gains or losses are charged to earnings during the period in which the gains or losses are realized. We monitor our investments for other-than-temporary impairment by considering factors including, but not limited to, current economic and market conditions, the operating performance of the companies including current earnings trends and other company-specific information.

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Goodwill, Intangible Assets and Long-Lived Assets. In addition to the original cost of goodwill, intangible assets and long-lived assets, the recorded value of these assets is impacted by a number of policy elections, including estimated useful lives, residual values and impairment charges. ASC 350 “Intangibles—Goodwill and Other,” provides that intangible assets that have indefinite useful lives and goodwill will not be amortized but rather will be tested at least annually for impairment. ASC 350 also requires that long-lived assets be reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable from its undiscounted future cash flow. Recoverability of goodwill is evaluated using a two-step process. In the first step, the fair value of a reporting unit is compared to its carrying value. If the fair value of a reporting unit exceeds the carrying value of the net assets assigned to a reporting unit, goodwill is considered not impaired and no further testing is required. If the carrying value of the net assets assigned to a reporting unit exceeds the fair value of a reporting unit, the second step of the impairment test is performed in order to determine the implied fair value of a reporting unit’s goodwill. Determining the implied fair value of goodwill requires valuation of a reporting unit’s tangible and intangible assets and liabilities in a manner similar to the allocation of purchase price in a business combination. If the carrying value of a reporting unit’s goodwill exceeds its implied fair value, goodwill is deemed impaired and is written down to the extent of the difference. We estimate total fair value of the reporting unit using discounted cash flow analysis, and makes assumptions regarding future revenue, gross margins, working capital levels, investments in new products, capital spending, tax, cash flows, and the terminal value of the reporting unit. For 2013, 2014 and 2015, we did not recognize any impairment charges for goodwill or intangible assets based on the expanding and prospective business of our subsidiaries and consolidated affiliated Chinese entities. If different judgments or estimates had been utilized, material differences could have resulted in the amount and timing of the impairment charge.

Customer Rewards Program. We offer a customer rewards program that allows our customers to receive travel awards and other gifts based on accumulated membership points that vary depending on the products and services purchased by the customers. Because we have an obligation to provide such travel awards and other gifts, we recognize liabilities and corresponding expenses for the related future obligations. As of December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, our accrued balance for the customer rewards program were approximately RMB285 million, RMB431 million and RMB593 million (US$92 million), respectively. Our expenses for the customer rewards program were approximately RMB203 million, RMB355 million and RMB399 million (US$62 million) for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015. We estimate our liabilities under our customer rewards program based on accumulated membership points and our estimate of probability of redemption in accordance with the historical redemption pattern. If actual redemption differs significantly from our estimate, it will result in an adjustment to our liability and the corresponding expense.

Share-Based Compensation. We follow ASC 718 “Stock Compensation,” using the modified prospective method. Under the fair value recognition provisions of ASC 718, we recognize share-based compensation net of an estimated forfeiture rate and therefore only recognize compensation cost for those shares expected to vest over the service period of the award.

Under ASC 718, we applied the Black-Scholes valuation model in determining the fair value of options granted, which requires the input of highly subjective assumptions, including the expected life of the stock option, stock price volatility, and the pre-vesting option forfeiture rate. Expected life is based on historical exercise patterns, which we believe are representative of future behavior, or calculated by using the simplified method. We estimate expected volatility at the date of grant based on historical volatility. The assumptions used in calculating the fair value of stock options represent our best estimates, but these estimates involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management judgment. As a result, if factors change and we use different assumptions, our share-based compensation expense could be materially different in the future. In addition, we are required to estimate the expected forfeiture rate and only recognize expense for those shares expected to vest. We estimate the forfeiture rate based on historical patterns of our stock options granted, exercised and forfeited. If our actual forfeiture rate is materially different from our estimate, the share-based compensation expense could be significantly different from what we have recorded in the current period. See Note 2 — “Share-based compensation” in the consolidated financial statements for additional information. According to ASC 718, a change in any of the terms or conditions of stock options shall be accounted for as a modification of the plan. Therefore, the Company calculates incremental compensation cost of a modification as the excess of the fair value of the modified option over the fair value of the original option immediately before its terms are modified, measured based on the share price and other pertinent factors at the modification date. For vested options, the Company would recognize incremental compensation cost in the period the modification occurs and for unvested options, the Company would recognize, over the remaining requisite service period, the sum of the incremental compensation cost and the remaining unrecognized compensation cost for the original award on the modification date.

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Deferred Tax Valuation Allowances. We provide a valuation allowance on our deferred tax assets to the extent we consider it to be more likely than not that we will be unable to realize all or part of such assets. Our future realization of our deferred tax assets depends on many factors, including our ability to generate taxable income within the period during which temporary differences reverse or before our tax loss carry-forwards expire, the outlook for the Chinese economy and overall outlook for our industry. We consider these factors at each balance sheet date and determine whether valuation allowances are necessary. As of December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, we recorded deferred tax assets of RMB97 million, RMB194 million and RMB405 million (US$63 million), respectively. If, however, unexpected events occur in the future that would prevent us from realizing all or a portion of our net deferred tax assets, an adjustment would result in a charge to income in the period in which such determination was made. As of December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets resulting from the net operating losses of certain subsidiaries will not be realized. Hence, we recorded valuation allowance against our gross deferred tax assets in order to reduce the deferred tax assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized. Also, we have elected to early adopt a new accounting guidance issued by the FASB to simplify the presentation of deferred income taxes on the Balance Sheet Classification.  Starting December 31, 2015 and prospectively, deferred tax assets and liabilities, along with related valuation allowances are classified as noncurrent on the balance sheet.

Allowance for doubtful accounts. Accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and do not bear interest. We review on a periodic basis for doubtful accounts for the outstanding trade receivable balances based on historical experience and information available. Additionally, we make specific bad debt provisions based on (i) our specific assessment of the collectability of all significant accounts; and (ii) any specific knowledge we have acquired that might indicate that an account is uncollectible. The facts and circumstances of each account may require us to use substantial judgment in assessing its collectability. As of the end of December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, the allowance for doubtful accounts was RMB5.9 million, RMB14.7 million and RMB38.2 million (US$5.9 million), respectively. The increase of allowance for doubtful accounts in 2015 was primarily attributable to the prolonged ageing of accounts receivables.

Results of Operations

The following table sets forth a summary of our consolidated statements of operations for the periods indicated both in amount and as a percentage of net revenues.

(1)   Share-based compensation was included in the associated operating expense categories as follows: